Dealing with the Spatial Synthetic Heterogeneity of Aquifers in the North China Plain: A Case Study of Luancheng County in Hebei Province

The complexity of alluvial-pluvial fan depositional systems makes the detailed characterization of their heterogeneity difficult, yet such a detailed characterization is commonly needed for construction of reliable groundwater models. Traditional models mainly focus on using a single aquifer property to qualitatively or semi-quantitatively characterize the heterogeneity of aquifer, so that they are unable to quantitatively reflect the synthetic heterogeneity of all aquifer properties. In this paper, we propose the heterogeneity synthetic index (HSI) for quantitative characterization of synthetic heterogeneity of an aquifer. The proposed calculation process involves four steps: (1) estimation of the hydraulic conductivity of a sediment sample using the cloud-Markov model, (2) establishment of the sedimentary microfacies distribution model through the Markov chain, (3) characterization of the distribution model of hydrogeological parameters using the improved sequential simulation method according to the “facies-controlled modeling” technique, and (4) application of the entropy weight method to calculate the weight coefficient of the above aquifer properties. The HSI of an aquifer is calculated by superposition of these models according to the corresponding weight coefficient. This approach was applied to the Luancheng aquifer deposit in the southeast Hutuo River alluvial-pluvial fan in the North China Plain (NCP). The results have demonstrated that aquifer 3 which was formed in the middle Pleistocene has the strongest heterogeneity, with an HSI of 0.25–0.75. Aquifer 4 formed in the early Pleistocene shows an intermediate heterogeneity, with the HSI ranging 0.35–0.75. The weakest heterogeneity was found in aquifers 1 and 2 formed in the Holocene and late Pleistocene, with HSI values of 0.40–0.75 and 0.40–0.80, respectively. The heterogeneity of all the four aquifers is relatively strong in the radial direction of the Huai River alluvial-pluvial fan due to the abrupt change of microfacies. In contrast, in the radial direction of the Hutuo River alluvial-pluvial fan, the microfacies change mildly, and the continuity of hydrogeological parameters is better, which has resulted in weaker heterogeneity of the four aquifers in this direction. Findings suggest that the sedimentary environment has significant effects on the aquifer heterogeneity. Considering that there are many aquifer properties, HSI can quantitatively characterize the synthetic heterogeneity of the aquifer and describe the influence of each aquifer property on the synthetic heterogeneity of the aquifer according to its weight coefficient. Thus the HSI approach can be successfully used to deal with the spatial heterogeneity of aquifer and provide a foundation for studies on contaminant transport.     

Transit station or destination? Attendance patterns,movements and abundance estimate of humpback whales off west South Africa from photographic and genotypic matching

Humpback whales Megaptera novaeangliae found off west South Africa (WSA) are known to display an atypical migration that may include temporary residency and feeding during spring and summer. At a regional scale there is uncertainty about how these whales relate to the greater West African Breeding Stock B as a whole, with evidence both for and against its division into two substocks. A database containing sighting information of humpback whales intercepted by boat in the WSA region from 1983 to 2008 was compiled. It included a total of 1 820 identification images of ventral tail flukes and lateral views of dorsal fins. After systematic within- and between-year matching of images of usable quality, it yielded 154 different individuals identified by tail flukes (TF), 230 by left dorsal fins (LDF), and 237 by right dorsal fins (RDF). Microsatellite (MS) matching of 216 skin biopsies yielded 156 individuals. By linking all possible sightings of the same individuals using all available identification features, the periodicity and seasonality of 281 individual whales were examined. In all, 60 whales were resighted on different days of which 44 were between different calendar years. The most resightings for one individual was 11 times, seen in six different years, and the longest interval between first and last sightings was about 18 years. A resighting rate of 15.6% of whales at intervals of a year or more indicates long-term fidelity to the region. Shorter intervals of 1–6 months between sequential sightings in the same year may suggest temporary residency. The TF image collection from WSA was compared to TF collections from four other regions, namely Gabon, Cabinda (Angola), Namibia and the Antarctic Humpback Whale Catalogue (AHWC). Three matches were detected between WSA (in late spring or summer) and Gabon (in winter), confirming direct movement between these regions. The capture–recapture data of four different identification features (TF, RDF, LDF and MS) from six successive subsets of data from periods with the highest collection effort (2001–2007) were used to calculate the number of whales that utilise the region, using both closed- and open-population models. Dorsal fins have never been used to estimate abundance for humpback whales, so the different identification features were evaluated for potential biases. This revealed 9–14% incidence of missed matches (false negatives) when using dorsal fins that would result in an overestimate, whereas variation in individual fluke-up behaviour may lower estimates by as much as 57–66% due to heterogeneity of individual capture probability. Taking into consideration the small dataset and low number of recaptures, the most consistent and precise results were obtained from a fully time-dependent version of the Jolly-Seber open-population model, with annual survival fixed at 0.96, using the MS dataset. This suggests that the WSA feeding assemblage during the months of spring and summer (September–March) of the study period numbered about 500 animals. The relationship of these whales to those (perhaps strictly migratory) that may occur in other seasons of the year, and their links to possible migratory routes and other feeding or breeding areas, remain uncertain.     

川中须家河组流体包裹体与天然气成藏机理

基于本区构造演化、生烃条件和储集条件及其时空配置的综合分析,根据烃类包裹体形成时间分布的广泛性和离散性,认为须家河组油气充注和聚集成藏是一个持续的过程,主要从晚侏罗世开始持续到古近纪末.天然气成藏时期不是表现为某一或某几个时刻或时期,须家河组煤系烃源岩具有连续生烃、持续充注的特点.根据川中地区的沉积埋藏史,将须家河组的成藏过程分为早期深埋阶段和晚期抬升阶段.深埋阶段(晚侏罗世-晚白垩世)也是成岩圈闭的形成阶段和大量生烃阶段,油气呈层状蒸发式运移,形成"泛气田"(圈闭内气饱和度较低,致密砂岩介质中有一定的分散滞留气,大面积连片砂体普遍含气).构造抬升阶段(白垩纪末-古近纪末)产生断裂和裂缝,烃源岩中的气进一步释放,分流汇聚于孔渗性好的砂体中,形成大面积的"孤立气藏"(圈闭内气饱和度较高,致密砂岩介质滞留分散气较少).须家河组连片砂体与煤系烃源岩互层,生储盖配置得当,天然气成藏是一个持续充注的过程.大范围烃源层和储集层层状间互展布,产状平缓,油气以短距离垂向运移为主,是形成大面积低丰度大气区的主要原因.     

Nonlocal response functions: application to processing BEAR data

It has been suggested that regional array MTS data be processed with an algorithm based on the nonlocal response of laterally heterogeneous subsurface to an arbitrary electromagnetic excitation. The algorithm is tested with synthetic models which show that the inversion quality can be improved by accumulation of information through repeated measurements, at either changing or fixed array configurations. Besides the array configuration, the inversion quality depends on the selected size of the survey area. The choice of the area size defines the inversion conditions in terms of choice between the magnetic and electric mode for correlation of electromagnetic potentials. The algorithm has been applied to data acquired during the BEAR Project in the Fennoscandian shield. Preliminary results indicate a spatial correlation between conductivity minimums and Moho depth maximums. The apparent resistivity maps obtained with the suggested algorithm highlight the boundaries between the Lapland–Kola, Karelia, and Svecofennia tectonic provinces.     

一次阻高背景下地形对晋南特大暴雨的作用分析

针对2007年7月29~30日发生在山西省垣曲县的特大暴雨天气过程, 利用实况资料、 自动站资料以及GMS红外卫星云图, 计算了地形性垂直速度、 切变涡度、 散度、 能量, 并分析了其分布及演变特征, 对前期500 hPa高度和温度进行了合成分析, 结果表明： （1）前期500 hPa阻塞高压和切断低压的形成和长期维持, 使得冷空气在山西上空堆积, 形成强烈的高空冷涌; 同时, 副热带高压的稳定加强、 维持为暴雨提供了能量积累和水汽来源, 致使山西出现大范围降水和区域暴雨天气。（2）K-H不稳定的形成和维持, 是导致中尺度切变线上小尺度涡旋维持、 加强, 并产生强风暴雨的重要原因。（3）垣曲县特殊的地形, 使得其附近流场发生变化, 不仅使地形性垂直上升运动加强、 维持, 而且也使得水汽不断向云内卷入, 延长了暴雨云团在其上空的停留时间; 同时通过云物理作用, 使得已经凝结的水分高效率地下降, 从而增加降水量; 喇叭口地形的收缩作用也加强了迎风坡的辐合上升运动。     

On the influence of spatial heterogeneity on an internal boundary layer at a short fetch

Surface layer meteorological data collected at a coastal site, at Vasco-Da-Gama (15°21′N, 73°51′E, 58.5m MSL) (13–18 July, 2002) with prevailing southwesterly surface winds are analyzed to study the characteristics of internal boundary layer at a short fetch using an instrumented tower (9 m). The spectral and turbulence characteristics of wind are compared with earlier measurements made at a comparatively homogeneous terrain and the standards available in literature. The study show the smaller eddies in the vertical velocity spectrum attains equilibrium with the underlying surface at a short fetch itself and follows spectral similarity. However, this is not followed by longitudinal and transverse velocity spectra under unstable as well as stable conditions.     

Stochastic analysis of free surface flow through earth dams

This research investigated the unconfined flow through dams. The hydraulic conductivity was modeled as spatially random field following lognormal distribution. Results showed that the seepage flow produced from the stochastic solution was smaller than its deterministic value. In addition, the free surface was observed to exit at a point lower than that obtained from the deterministic solution. When the hydraulic conductivity was strongly correlated in the horizontal direction than the vertical direction, the flow through the dam has markedly increased. It is suggested that it may not be necessary to construct a core in dams made from soils that exhibit high degree of variability.     

高分辨率层序地层学在储层宏观非均质性研究中的应用——以松辽盆地朝阳沟油田朝1—朝气3区块扶余油层为例

运用高分辨率层序地层学原理和方法,在朝阳沟油田朝1—朝气3区块扶余油层识别出41个短期、7个中期基准面旋回及2个长期基准面半旋回。通过不同级次基准面旋回成因的沉积动力学分析和表征储层宏观非均质性的各项岩心化验、统计学数据定量分析,指出随着长期基准面的上升,各短期基准面旋回层内非均质性变强、各中期基准面旋回层间非均质性变弱、各短期基准面旋回平面非均质变强;随着长期基准面的下降,各变化趋势正好相反。指出基准面旋回及其伴随的可容纳空间变化所引起的沉积环境的变化是储层宏观非均质特征差异的决定因素。     

华北地区Lg尾波衰减研究--Lg尾波Q的测量

利用1989～1998年间发生在中国华北地区ML≥3.0级的地震事件,华北遥测台网以及数字化台网记录到的信噪比较高的Lg尾波时间序列,经过滤波、消除背景噪声等预处理,采用单台记录叠加频谱比法,得到传播路径上Lg尾波Q0（Q=Q0fη, Q0是1Hz的Q值,η是Q值与频率相关系数）,进而获得该地区Q0和η的空间分布. 测量结果表明,华北地区地壳Lg尾波Q0值分布存在显著的横向不均匀性,这种不均匀性与该地区地壳的速度分布基本一致,表现为与该地区地表地质特征明显的一致性,即传播路径位于太行山隆起和燕山隆起区为高Q0值分布;传播路径位于冀中坳陷和黄骅坳陷等平原区表现为低Q0值;传播路径位于隆起区和坳陷区二者之间,其Q0值也介于二者之间,说明华北地区的地壳结构没有很大的阶跃式变化而使波导遭到破坏,Lg尾波Q0值基本上反映了地壳内介质滞弹性的固有衰减.     

华北地区Lg尾波衰减研究--Lg尾波Q0地震成像

利用单台记录叠加频谱比法测量出的华北地区560余条单台传播路径上平均Lg尾波Q0值数据（Q0是1Hz的Q值）,采用随机褶积模型和奇异值分解法,重建该地区地壳中Q0的横向变化.结果表明,华北地区地壳中Lg尾波Q0值分布具有显著的横向不均匀性,这种不均匀性与地质构造明显相关,块隆区具有较高的Q0值,例如,燕山造山带、太行山块隆、鲁西隆起;华北平原区表现为低Q0值分布,例如冀中坳陷、黄骅坳陷、济阳坳陷,二者界限分明.结合研究区内的大地热值分布研究表明,低Q0值区大都处于高热流区,这可能是地壳内热物质的活动有关.虽然华北地区Lg尾波Q0值高、低分区明显,但是,从总体上应该属于低Q0值异常区,也就是说,该区的地壳是高地震波衰减区,这可能是该地区受太平洋板块和欧亚板块的相互作用而使地壳减薄,热物质上升造成的结果.