GIS客户数据库更新的基本问题

GIS客户数据库更新是目前空间数据生产者和使用者共同关注的热点问题之一。该问题的成功解决不仅可以提高客户数据库的更新效率,缩短更新周期,降低更新成本,而且可以强化数据生产者的服务能力,增加主数据库的应用价值,同时也顺应了数据共享的时代要求。本文首先阐述GIS客户数据库更新的概念含义和基本实施方式,然后针对更新实施过程中的变化捕捉、增量建模、数据异构、更新集成、软件平台、政策标准等问题的主要解决方法和当前研究现状展开论述。     

自转速率快速变化引起的全球位移场和应力场

该文建立了百万网格的分层PREM地球模型, 利用并行有限元方法计算了自转速率快速变化所引起的全球附加的位移场和应力场。 计算模型中不仅考虑了地球的径向分层, 同时还考虑椭率和地形的影响。 利用数值试验的方法, 系统分析了地球自转速率变化为Δω/ω=2×10^-10时所引起的全球应力分布特征, 研究表明椭率对地表各个应力分量的影响在千分之几, 而地形的影响则表现为径向应力与地形正相关, 且相同高度的地形在低纬度影响较大, 纬向和经向的应力大小分别与地形在SN向和EW向的地形梯度直接相关。     

基于高分辨率影像的冲沟发育及其时空变化研究

选取栖霞小流域为例,以地理信息系统和遥感技术为平台,对近10 a来冲沟发育进行了定量研究,发现近10 a来冲沟面积增加了13.3%,冲沟数量基本保持不变。通过对冲沟在不同高程、坡度、坡向和土地利用等影响因子的分异特征研究发现,在不同的时空变化下,冲沟受人为和自然两方面的影响,但人类活动对冲沟的影响要大于自然过程,因此要特别注意采用合适的耕作方式并采取工程措施保持水土。     

The influence of topography on the cloud-to-ground lightning density in South Brazil

A comparative analysis between cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning density and terrain parameters (altitude and terrain slope) in South Brazil is presented. This region is characterized by a contrasting topography, where a mountain chain separates lower (depression) and higher (plateau) landscapes. The altitude and terrain slope data were obtained from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) digital elevation model (DEM). Two years of CG lightning data (from June 2005 to May 2007) obtained by the Brazilian Lightning Detection Network (BrasilDAT) were used in the study. To avoid intracloud contamination, positive CG flashes with peak currents less than 20 kA were removed from the data set. A relative detection efficiency model was used to correct the lightning data. The results indicate that, for localized areas (following the mountain shape) within this region of Brazil, the CG lightning density is correlated with the terrain slope and not the altitude. This suggests that terrain slope has more influence than altitude on the thunderstorm occurrence and lightning activity. In addition, a temporal analysis shows that over high altitude regions the diurnal variation (amplitude) of lightning activity is stronger and the peak occurs 1 h earlier than over low altitude regions.     

0414号台风“云娜”的数值模拟

利用美国CAPS的非静力高分辨率区域预报模式(ARPS)对0414号台风"云娜"进行数值模拟,其中把新一代多普勒天气雷达资料分析引入模式,模拟结果表明ARPS模式能较好模拟台风"云娜"的移动路径、中心气压强度变化及台风大暴雨;并利用模式输出的组合反射率与雷达组合反射率资料比较来检验模拟结果.数值模拟结果表明台风自身结构是引起0414号台风西折路径的重要原因;浙南闽北地形对0414号台风的影响作地形敏感性试验结果表明浙南闽北地形使0414号台风移动路径出现右偏现象;浙南闽北地形对0414号台风强度影响较小,地形对深入内陆后台风强度变化有较明显的影响;浙南闽北地形对0414号台风暴雨有增幅作用,降水分布更加不均匀.     

遥感数据时空尺度对地理要素时空变化分析的影响

地理要素的时空变化分析对于了解和掌握地表的规律性有着重要的作用。利用地面站点观测、实地调查等传统方式获取数据,对地理要素进行时空变化分析是最常用的方法。但该类方法往往表现的是"点尺度"观测,不能在大尺度情况下准确地反映地表的时空变化信息。遥感卫星能以一定的时间间隔获得空间连续的对地"面尺度"观测数据,然而其特定的空间和时间分辨率使其获取的地表信息仍十分有限。同时地表的空间异质性和个别地表短时间内的快速变化,使得利用遥感数据对地理要素进行时空变化分析时,时空变化分析结果会随观测尺度而发生改变。本文从空间尺度和时间尺度两方面综述遥感数据时空尺度对地理要素的时空变化分析产生的影响和原因,并针对这些问题总结了减小时空尺度对结果不确定性影响的现行方法。可以通过多源遥感协同观测和反演、尺度转换、空间建模等方法减小空间尺度引起的不确定性;通过联合多时相遥感数据的方法减小时间尺度引起的不确定性。在实际应用中,应根据所观测地理要素的实际情况,综合分析选择合适的方法。     

湘鄂西页岩非均质性研究——以Ld1井龙马溪组为例

页岩非均质性直接决定了页岩的储层可改造性和含气量,是页岩气勘探开发基础研究的内容之一。以湘鄂西Ld1井龙马溪组页岩为研究对象,在矿物岩石、显微薄片、地球化学和低温N2吸附-脱附实验的基础上,分析了研究区龙马溪组页岩的非均质性。研究发现Ld1井龙马溪组页岩主要发育硅质页岩、混合质页岩和黏土质页岩三大类,三大类页岩在有机质的赋存状态、有机质含量、矿物组成、显微结构和构造、脆性以及微观孔隙类型等方面具有较强非均质性,沉积作用、后期成岩作用和陆源输入是影响页岩非均质性的主要因素。硅质页岩具有有机碳含量高、脆性和孔渗条件好等成藏条件,是后期重点勘探开发层段,但通过FHH分形维数定量研究发现,硅质页岩段孔喉细小且非均质性强,孔隙结构复杂且联通性差,需要进行有效的储层改造才能够适应开采。     

庙岛群岛北五岛生态系统净初级生产力与景观格局时空分布异质性研究

利用ArcGIS10.2、ENVI5.1、SPSS26等软件,本文基于经典CASA模型估算了2005年、2010年、2017年庙岛群岛北五岛的净初级生产力(Net Primary Productivity, NPP),从季节、岛屿、景观类型、地形梯度等多种角度分析了NPP的时空分布异质性;进而分析了2005年、2010年、2017年北五岛的景观格局时空分布异质性;探讨了NPP与景观格局时空变化之间的关系及其原因。结果表明:庙岛群岛北五岛平均全年NPP总量为7 520.54 t/a(以碳计),平均密度为406.07 g/(m2·a)(以碳计);NPP分布呈明显的时空分异性;各景观类型平均面积由大到小依次为:针叶林、阔叶林、建设用地、草地、耕地;其NPP平均密度由大到小依次为:阔叶林、针叶林、耕地、草地、建设用地;各景观NPP平均密度随坡度和高差的增大先上升后出现平缓下降态势;坡向对林地NPP影响较大,半阴坡林地NPP平均密度最大;不同地形梯度的NPP年平均密度随时间推移总体呈下降态势;NPP高值出现在山林区域,低值主要在建设用地区域;由于自然地理条件、植物自身生长条件和人类活动强度等原因...     

Numerical modeling of rock failure under dynamic loading with polygonal elements

Polygonal finite elements are gaining an increasing attention in the computational mechanics literature, but their application in rock mechanics is very rare. This paper deals with numerical modeling of rock failure under dynamic loading based on polygonal finite elements. For this end, a damage-viscoplastic constitutive model for rock based on the Mohr-Coulomb criterion with the Rankine criterion as a tensile cutoff is employed and implemented with the polygonal finite element method. Moreover, the mineral mesostructure or rock is described by randomly mapping groups of polygonal elements representing the constituent minerals into a global mesh and assigning these groups with the corresponding mineral material properties. The performance of the polygonal elements is compared with that of the linear and quadratic triangular and bilinear quadrilateral elements in numerical simulations of controlled shear band formation under uniaxial compression and lateral splitting failure in the dogbone tension test. Numerical simulations of uniaxial tension and compression tests as well as dynamic Brazilian disc test under increasing loading rates demonstrate that the present approach predicts the correct failure modes as well as the dynamic increase in strength of rock.     

Bridging the gap between numerical solutions of travel time distributions and analytical storage selection functions

Recent advancements in analytical solutions to quantify water and solute travel time distributions (TTDs) and the related StorAge Selection (SAS) functions synthesize catchment complexity into a simplified, lumped representation. Although these analytical approaches are efficient in application, they require rarely available long‐term and high‐frequency hydrochemical data for parameter estimation. Alternatively, integrated hydrologic models coupled to Lagrangian particle‐tracking approaches can directly simulate age under different catchment geometries and complexity, but at a greater computational expense. Here, we bridge the two approaches, using a physically based model to explore the uncertainty in the estimation of the SAS function shape. In particular, we study the influence of subsurface heterogeneity, interactions between distinct flow domains (i.e., the vadose zone and saturated groundwater), diversity of flow pathways, and recharge rate on the shape of TTDs and the SAS functions. We use an integrated hydrology model, ParFlow, linked with a particle‐tracking model, SLIM, to compute transient residence times (or ages) at every cell in the domain, facilitating a direct characterization of the SAS function. Steady‐state results reveal that the SAS function shape shows a wide range of variation with respect to the variability in the structure of subsurface heterogeneity. Ensembles of spatially correlated realizations of hydraulic conductivity indicate that the SAS functions in the saturated groundwater have an overall weak tendency toward sampling younger ages, whereas the vadose zone gives a strong preference for older ages. We further show that the influence of recharge rate on the TTD is tightly dependent on the variability of subsurface hydraulic conductivity.