SPECTRAL STRUCTURE OF VELOCITY INHOMOGENEITY OF CRUST MEDIUM BELOW THE SOUTHEASTERN MARGIN OF TIBETAN PLATEAU AND ITS ADJACENT REGIONS

In this paper we present results of spectral structure of crustal velocity inhomogeneity beneath the southeastern margin of Tibetan plateau and its adjacent region based on the S wave envelope broadening algorithm. The spectral structure of 8~16Hz band is selected to analyze the special character of crustal inhomogeneity and discuss the correlation between strong earthquakes and inhomogeneities. The result shows that strong and complex inhomogeneities of crustal medium are found in the southeastern margin of Tibetan plateau and its adjacent region. In the upper part of upper crust, the strong and small scale inhomogeneities are imaged in the Longmengshan fault zone and the north of the Anninghe fault zone, the weak and large scale inhomogeneites are imaged in the section from Huolu to Daofu of Xianshuihe fault zone and the south of the Anninghe fault zone. In the lower part of upper crust, strong inhomogeneites are found in the Longmengshan fault zone, Lianfeng fault zone, the north of the Anninghe fault zone and the sections from Huolu to Daofu of the Xianshuihe fault zone, weak inhomogeneites are found in the section from Daofu to Kangding of Xianshuihe fault zone. In the middle crust, strong inhomogeneities are observed in the section of the Baoxing to Dujiangyan, the Baoxing to Kangding, and Kangding to Shimian, and weak inhomogeneities are observed in the northwestern section from Huolu to Kangding, and the Lianfeng fault zone. Comparing the medium inhomogeneities with the location of the strong earthquakes, our results suggest existence of high correlation between them. Strong earthquakes are often located in the transitionary zone between the strong and the weak inhomogeneities. The spatial distribution of the strong and the weak medium inhomogeneities may be related to the broken medium from the strong movement of geological tectonic and the heat flow upwelling along active faults induced by frequent tectonic and volcanic activity.     

Advantages and challenges of using soil water isotopes to assess groundwater recharge dominated by snowmelt at a field study located in Canada

Seasonal signals of stable isotopes in precipitation, combined with measurements of isotope ratios in soil water, can be used for quantitative estimation of groundwater recharge rates. This study investigates the applicability of using the piston flow principle and the peak shift displacement method to estimate actual groundwater recharge rates in a humid Nordic region located in the province of Quebec, Canada. Two different sites with and without vegetation (C1 and C2) in an unconfined aquifer were tested by measuring soil water isotope ratios (¹⁸O/¹⁶O and ²H/¹H) and volumetric pore water content. Core samples were obtained along the vadose zone down to the groundwater table at the two sites (2.45 m for Site C1 and 4.15 m for Site C2). The peak shift method to estimate groundwater recharge rates was shown to be accurate only in certain specific conditions inherent to the soil properties and the topographical situation of the investigated sites. Indeed, at Site C2, recharge from the snowmelt could not be estimated because of heterogeneity in the lower part of the vadose zone. At this same site the later recharge after the snowmelt (in the period from late spring to early autumn) could be estimated accurately because the upper part of the vadose zone was homogeneous. Furthermore, at site C1, runoff/runon phenomena hampered calculations of actual infiltration and thus produced inaccurate results for recharge. These two different site effects (heterogeneity in the first site and runoff/runon in the other site) were identified as being limiting factors in the accurate assessment of actual recharge. This study therefore recommends the use of the peak shift method for (1) humid Nordic regions, (2) homogeneous and thick vadose zones, and (3) areas with few or limited site effects (runoff/runon).     

Interactive influence of water level,sediment heterogeneity,and plant density on the growth performance and root characteristics of Carex brevicuspis

Water level, sediment heterogeneity, and plant density are important factors that determine plant growth, distribution, and community structure. In the present study, we investigated the effects of these factors on the growth and root characteristics of Carex brevicuspis. We conducted an outdoor experiment to monitor biomass accumulation and allocation, relative root distribution mass ratio, longest root length, and total N and P contents of C. brevicuspis plants. We used a factorial design with two water levels (0 cm and −15 cm relative to the soil surface, named high and low water level treatments, respectively), three sediment types (sand/clay sediment with 0–15 cm of sand and 15–30 cm of clay; mixed sediment with 0–30 cm mixture of sand and clay with 1:1 volumw ratio; and clay/sand sediment with 0–15 cm of clay and 15–30 cm of sand), and three plant densities (88 plants per m², 354 plants per m², and 708 plants per m²). Biomass accumulation decreased with increasing plant density and was significantly higher in the low water level and the clay/sand sediment than in the high water level and the other two sediment types. The shoot:root ratio was markedly higher in the high water level than in the low water level and decreased with increasing plant density; further, in the high water level, it was significantly lower in the sand/clay sediment than in the other two sediment types. The relative root distribution mass ratio was markedly higher in the high water level treatments than in the low water level treatments. Further, in the high water level treatments, the relative root distribution mass ratio increased with increasing plant density in the clay/sand sediment and was lower in the sand/clay sediment than in the other two sediment types. The longest root length was significantly lower in the high water level than in the low water level and increased with increasing plant density in the sand/clay sediment in the high water level. Total N content in the plants was influenced only by sediment type; on the other hand, total P content was markedly higher in the high water level than in the low water level. Our data indicate that growth of C. brevicuspis was limited by higher water level, higher density and sand/clay sediment. Plants can increase shoot:root ratio and develop shallow root system to acclimate to high water level and thus could adjust shoot:root ratio and root characteristics, e.g. decrease their shoot:root ratio and allocating more root and increasing root length to the nutrient rich layer to acclimate to conditions of higher density and sediment heterogeneity.     

龙马溪组页岩数字岩芯超声响应数值模拟及散射特征分析

超高频（几百兆赫兹）超声数值模拟微米至纳米尺度的龙马溪组页岩数字岩芯及其强非均质性严重挑战数值模拟算法的精度和数值稳定性.本文利用图像阈值分割算法将龙马溪组页岩数字岩芯主要成分分解为石英类、黏土类、黄铁矿及孔隙四种类型,假定液相（油）均匀分布在整个介质模型中,根据岩芯的孔隙度、渗透率和各类矿物的岩石物理参数,建立了精细的非均质双相介质模型.采用基于Biot双相介质方程的不分裂卷积完全匹配层与高精度旋转交错网格有限差分方法精确模拟超声波在页岩岩芯中传播的散射衰减.通过精确控制匹配层吸收边界数来模拟边界反射量及其对尾波的干涉强度,并与超声实验尾波散射Q值进行比较,估算超声实验中的边界反射量及其对尾波的干涉强度.对不同超声子波主频的数值模拟试验,结合L/a-ka散射态式图分析表明：本文采用的龙马溪组页岩数字岩芯的非均质强度与600 MHz波长尺度相当,产生的散射衰减达到最大.开展页岩岩芯超声波散射数值模拟研究,据此评估页岩岩芯的非均质性,为页岩储层声学非均质预测提供依据.     

地形重力波举力效应对台风路径偏转的影响

举力效应是指方向性切变气流经过地形激发的重力波能够使平均气流发生水平旋转.本文首先根据日本气象厅台风数据集统计了2006—2015年登陆台湾的台风个例,分析台风路径的偏转情况.然后利用二维傅里叶变换对欧洲中间尺度天气预报中心的再分析数据进行滤波,得到台风的环境大气层结和水平风场.最后根据台风环境风场以及台湾地形计算地形重力波举力,分析举力对台风路径偏转的可能贡献.结果表明,近十年共有20个台风登陆台湾,其中2006—2008年有10个.除去5个路径较为复杂的台风,本文对15个台风的地形重力波举力进行分析,发现有14个台风的路径偏转方向与举力方向一致.对于路径偏转最为明显的6个台风(偏转角度大于30°),地形重力波举力对台风路径偏转的贡献可达10%,部分解释了台风经过台湾地形时发生的路径偏转.     

Spatial-temporal Distribution Characteristics of Global Seismic Clusters and Associated Spatial Factors

Earthquakes exhibit clear clustering on the earth. It is important to explore the spatial-temporal characteristics of seismicity clusters and their spatial heterogeneity. We analyze effects of plate space, tectonic style, and their interaction on characteristic of cluster.Based on data of earthquakes not less than moment magnitude(M_w) 5.6 from 1960 to 2014, this study used the spatial-temporal scan method to identify earthquake clusters. The results indicate that seismic spatial-temporal clusters can be classified into two types based on duration: persistent clusters and burst clusters. Finally, we analysed the spatial heterogeneity of the two types. The main conclusions are as follows: 1) Ninety percent of the persistent clusters last for 22-38 yr and show a high clustering likelihood;ninety percent of the burst clusters last for 1-1.78 yr and show a high relative risk. 2) The persistent clusters are mainly distributed in interplate zones, especially along the western margin of the Pacific Ocean. The burst clusters are distributed in both intraplate and interplate zones, slightly concentrated in the India-Eurasia interaction zone. 3) For the persistent type, plate interaction plays an important role in the distribution of the clusters’ likelihood and relative risk. In addition, the tectonic style further enhances the spatial heterogeneity. 4) For the burst type,neither plate activity nor tectonic style has an obvious effect on the distribution of the clusters’ likelihood and relative risk. Nevertheless,interaction between these two spatial factors enhances the spatial heterogeneity, especially in terms of relative risk.     

1982-2013年中国植被NDVI空间异质性的气候影响分析

为研究气候变化与植被活动之间的复杂关系,采用1982-2013年GIMMS NDVI与气象站点温度与水分的监测资料,应用基于像元的地理加权回归方法,探究了中国植被NDVI及其动态特征对气候变化响应的空间格局。中国植被NDVI与地表温度呈空间非平稳关系,在空间上的负相关关系主要集中在东北、西北及东南部分地区,空间正相关则更为集中和连片;针对不同气候指标的标准化系数对比可知,植被NDVI受水分控制作用较为显著的区域主要集中在北方地区以及青藏高原,温度的主导作用区域则分布在华东、华中及西南地区,其中年均最高气温对NDVI的主导区域范围最广;植被NDVI动态与气候变率的回归结果表明,增温速率的升高会通过加剧干旱等机制对植被活动产生抑制作用,水分变率对植被活动的强弱起到了重要的调节作用。     

A response to ‘A comment on geographically weighted regression with parameter-specific distance metrics’

In this article, we respond to ‘A comment on geographically weighted regression with parameter-specific distance metrics’ by Oshan et al. (2019), published in this journal, where several concerns on the parameter-specific distance metric geographically weighted regression (PSDM GWR) technique are raised. In doing so, we review the developmental timeline of the multiscale geographically weighed regression modelling framework with related and equivalent models, including flexible bandwidth GWR, conditional GWR and PSDM GWR. In our response, we have tried to answer all the concerns raised in terms of applicability, veracity, interpretability and computational efficiency of the PSDM GWR model.     

中国再生性资源型城市创新能力与工业转型耦合协调分析

采用熵权TOPSIS、耦合协调度和响应度模型等方法,分析2000—2016年再生性资源型城市创新能力与工业转型耦合关系演化特征。发现：① 2000年以来中国再生性资源型城市创新能力和工业转型整体上呈提高趋势,但工业系统脆弱性依然较强,创新能力也较弱。② 再生性资源型城市创新能力与工业转型耦合协调度水平较低但有提高之势,东、中部再生性资源型城市创新能力与工业转型耦合协调状态不断改善,而西部、东北则处于失调状态;非金属、金属、能源、综合4类城市二者耦合协调性呈增强趋势,森工城市失调性加剧;大、中型再生性资源型城市创新能力与工业转型耦合协调水平改善明显,小城市创新能力与工业转型耦合协调协调性较低且持续减弱。③ 创新能力对再生性资源型城市工业转型有正向促进作用,但近年来呈减弱之势。不同类型再生性资源型城市工业转型对创新能力变化的响应程度各异。