Remote sensing and GIS for mapping groundwater recharge and discharge areas in salinity prone catchments,southeastern Australia

Identifying groundwater recharge and discharge areas across catchments is critical for implementing effective strategies for salinity mitigation, surface-water and groundwater resource management, and ecosystem protection. In this study, a synergistic approach has been developed, which applies a combination of remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) techniques to map groundwater recharge and discharge areas. This approach is applied to an unconfined basalt aquifer, in a salinity and drought prone region of southeastern Australia. The basalt aquifer covers ~11,500 km² in an agriculturally intensive region. A review of local hydrogeological processes allowed a series of surface and subsurface indicators of groundwater recharge and discharge areas to be established. Various remote sensing and GIS techniques were then used to map these surface indicators including: terrain analysis, monitoring of vegetation activity, and mapping of infiltration capacity. All regions where groundwater is not discharging to the surface were considered potential recharge areas. This approach, applied systematically across a catchment, provides a framework for mapping recharge and discharge areas. A key component in assigning surface and subsurface indicators is the relevance to the dominant recharge and discharge processes occurring and the use of appropriate remote sensing and GIS techniques with the capacity to identify these processes.

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Résumé Sur un bassin versant, l’identification des zones d’alimentation et des aires d’émergence des eaux souterraines est capitale pour mettre en œuvre des stratégies de réduction de la salinité, de gestion des eaux souterraines et superficielles, et de protection des écosystèmes. Une approche synergique a été développée, sur la base de recherches existantes pour cartographier de manière systématique les zones de recharge et d'émergence. Elle combine des techniques de télédétection et de Systèmes d’Information Géographique, dans le but de cartographier les zones d’alimentation et d’émergence. Ces techniques ont été appliquées à un aquifère basaltique libre, dans un secteur sujet à la sécheresse et à la salinité du Sud-Est australien. L’aquifère considéré couvre environ 11,500 km² d’une région essentiellement agricole. Un inventaire des processus hydrogéologiques locaux a conduit à l’établissement d’une série d’indicateurs superficiels et subsuperficiels des zones d’alimentation et d’émergence. Plusieurs méthodes de télédétection et de SIG furent alors utilisées pour cartographier ces indicateurs de surface, y compris les analyses de terrain, le suivi de l’activité de la végétation et la cartographie des capacités d’infiltration. Toutes les régions en dehors des zones d'émergence sont considérées commes des zones d'alimentation potentielles. Un des composants clés de l’attribution des indicateurs superficiels et subsuperficiels est la concordance avec les processus majeurs d’alimentation et de prélèvement entrant en jeu, et l’utilisation de méthodes de télédétection et SIG adaptées permettant d’identifier ces processus.

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Resumen La identificación de áreas de descarga y recarga de agua subterránea es crítica para la implementación de estrategias efectivas relacionadas con mitigación de salinidad, gestión de recursos de agua subterránea y agua superficial, y protección de ecosistemas. En este estudio se ha desarrollado un enfoque sinérgico apoyándose en investigación existente el cual aplica una combinación de técnicas de sistemas de información geográfico (SIG) y sensores remotos para cartografiar áreas de recarga y descarga de agua subterránea. Este enfoque se aplica a un acuífero de basalto no confinado en una región del sureste de Australia propensa a sequía y salinidad. El acuífero de basalto cubre aproximadamente 11,500 km² en una región con agricultura intensiva. Una revisión de los procesos hidrogeológicos locales permitió el establecimiento de una serie de indicadores superficiales y subterráneos de áreas de recarga y descarga de agua subterránea. Luego se utilizaron varias técnicas de SIG y sensores remotos para cartografiar estos indicadores superficiales incluyendo: análisis del terreno, monitoreo de la actividad de la vegetación, y cartografiado de la capacidad de infiltración. Todas las regiones donde el agua subterránea no descarga en la superficie fueron consideradas áreas potenciales de recarga. Este enfoque que se ha aplicado sistemáticamente a través de la cuenca aporta un marco para la cartografía de áreas de recarga y descarga. Un componente clave en la asignación de indicadores superficiales y subterráneos lo constituye la relevancia a los procesos dominantes de recarga y descarga que ocurren y el uso de técnicas apropiadas de SIG y sensores remotos con la capacidad para identificar esos procesos.

     

Numerical Modelling of the Heterogeneous Rock Fracture Process Using Various Test Techniques

Summary A series of numerical tests including both rock mechanics and fracture mechanics tests are conducted by the rock and tool (R–T^2D) interaction code coupled with a heterogeneous masterial model to obtain the physical–mechanical properties and fracture toughness, as well as to simulate the crack initiation and propagation, and the fracture progressive process. The simulated results not only predict relatively accurate physical–mechanical parameters and fracture toughness, but also visually reproduce the fracture progressive process compared with the experimental and theoretical results. The detailed stress distribution and redistribution, crack nucleation and initiation, stable and unstable crack propagation, interaction and coalescence, and corresponding load–displacement curves can be proposed as benchmarks for experimental study and theoretical research on crack propagation. It is concluded that the heterogeneous material model is reasonable and the R–T^2D code is stable, repeatable and a valuable numerical tool for research on the rock fracture process.     

Evaluation of streambed hydraulic conductivity heterogeneity in an urban watershed

It has long been understood that streambed hydraulic conductivity plays an important role in surface-subsurface solute exchange. Using a portable falling head permeameter in situ, we estimated the horizontal hydraulic conductivity, K, of the near-surface streambed sediments at a total of 85 locations encompassing two depth intervals: 7.5–10 and 10–12.5 cm. The measurements were conducted in an 80 m reach of Indian Creek, a small urban stream in Philadelphia, PA, USA. We found that the ln K data within each sediment layer were Gaussian, but the combined data set was not. The results indicated that while the mean hydraulic conductivity decreased with depth, horizontal heterogeneity (e.g. the variance) increased with depth. This strong contrast between layers suggests that they should be treated as separated entities in modeling studies. Variogram analyses across the stream suggested symmetry with respect to the thalweg in the upper layer and fractality in the lower layer. The variograms along the streams suggested that the K data are random.     

Numerical modeling of secondary migration and its applications to Chang-6 Member of Yanchang Formation (Upper Triassic), Longdong area, Ordos Basin, China

Mathematic modeling, established on the basis of physical experiments, is becoming an increasingly important tool in oil and gas migration studies. This technique is based on the observation that hydrocarbon migration tends to take relative narrow pathways. A mathematical model of hydrocarbon migration and accumulation is constructed using the percolation theory. It is then calibrated using physical experimental results, and is tested under a variety of conditions, to understand the applicability of the model in different migration cases. Through modeling, dynamic conditions of large-scale migration pathways within homogeneous formations can be evaluated. Basin-scale hydrocarbon migration pathways and their characteristics are analyzed during the model application to the Chang-8 Member of the Triassic Yanchang Formation in Longdong area of Ordos Basin. In heterogeneous formations, spatial changes in fluid potential determine the direction of secondary migration, and heterogeneity controls the characteristics and geometry of secondary migration pathways.     

A Numerical Study on Effects of Land-Surface Heterogeneity from “Combined Approach” on Atmospheric Process Part I: Principle and Method

1.IntroductionAnideallandsurfacemodelmustbothrealisticallydescribethelandsurfacecharacteristics(especiallytheuniversalheterogeneity)andbecomputationallyinexpensive.CurrentlyPOpularlandsurfacemodelsareallbasedon"bigfeartheory,inwhichamodelgridcellisdividedintomanypatches(e.g.,abaresoilpatchoravegetationpatch;manyregularpatchesdividedintoaccordingtogeographicallocations),andinwhichonlyinterpatchvariabilityistakenintoaccountwhileseldomintrapatchvariabilityis,whentheheterogeneityisconsidered.Even…     

Experimental study of the transfer velocity for urban surfaces with a water evaporation method

A major problem in urban climate modelling is determining how the heat fluxes from various canyon surfaces are affected by canyon flow. To address this problem, we developed a water evaporation method involving filter paper to study the distribution of the convective transfer velocity in urban street canyons. In this method, filter paper is pasted onto a building model and the evaporation rate from the paper is measured with an electric balance. The method was tested on 2D (two-dimensional) street canyon models and 3D model arrangements. Moreover, in this technique, it is easy to restrict the flux within an arbitrary surface in question. That is, the evaporation distribution on a surface can be studied by using several small pieces of filter paper. In the 2D case, the wall transfer velocity was strongly dependent on the canyon aspect ratio for perpendicular wind directions and it varied widely with height within both windward and leeward wall surfaces. For 3D cubic arrays, the relation to canyon aspect ratio was largely different from that of the 2D canyon. And, as a case study, the variation of wind direction was investigated for a city-like setting. The area-averaged transfer velocity was insensitive to wind direction but its local deviation was significant. Finally, we measured the transfer velocity for a clustered block array surrounded by relatively wide streets. The effect of spatial heterogeneity on the transfer velocity was significant. Moreover, for a fixed total building volume, the transfer velocity was considerably larger when the building height varied than when it was uniform. Therefore, the water evaporation method with filter paper is expected to be useful for studying the transfer velocity and ventilation rates in urban areas with various canyon shapes.     

储层非均质性影响空气泡沫驱注入效果研究——以鄂尔多斯盆地甘谷驿油田长6油层组为例

空气泡沫驱是重要三采技术,为了了解该技术适用储层类型,笔者等通过文献调研、机理分析、室内实验及油藏生产动态数据分析研究其注入效果与储层非均质性关系,结果表明：该技术通过泡沫体系产生阻力提高波及系数,泡沫中包含的表面活性剂降低界面张力提高驱油效率,泡沫特性“遇油消泡,遇水不变”可有效调剖堵水并改善流度比,非均质性强的储层具有大小不一的孔喉、较大的孔喉比和较强的贾敏效应,使上述增加波及系数、驱油及堵水效果更强,从而在水驱基础上可以进一步大幅提高采收率。实验和生产动态资料都说明,储层非均质性越强,表现为渗透率级差较大,增产和堵水效果越好,因此空气泡沫驱适用于储层非均质性较强的储层。该研究成果为空气泡沫驱的推广提供借鉴。     

Quantifying Isotopic Heterogeneity of Candidate Reference Materials at the Picogram Sampling Scale

We propose a method for quantifying the in situ heterogeneity of solid materials at the picogram test portion scale, illustrating its use by investigating the oxygen isotope ratio (¹⁸O^?/¹⁶O^?) of four quartz samples. Using secondary ion mass spectrometry, we could estimate the intrinsic heterogeneity using a large number (~ 100) of closely spaced duplicated measurements. An analysis of variance was then applied to these large data sets to extract the measurement repeatability (typically 0.10–0.15‰, 1s) from the total variability, thereby revealing a variability ranging from 0.18‰ to 2.3‰, which can be attributed to the genuine isotope ratio heterogeneities. A small proportion of outlying values were either rejected manually after inspection, or were accommodated using robust statistics. We also evaluated two distinct approaches for estimating and correcting instrumental drift; the use of a sub‐area of the test material (if shown to have sufficiently low heterogeneity) is judged to be preferable to using a piece of unrelated silicate glass that we believe to be homogeneous. We also compared three approaches for estimating measurement repeatability, from which we show that the ‘duplicate method’ applied to the reference material is preferable to using other methods based either on the drift monitoring material or on assessing residuals of the drift monitoring material after drift correction. Finally, here we propose a strategy for predicting the number of measurements on individual fragments of a material that would be required to achieve a specified target uncertainty.     

基于匹配追踪的RGB融合技术及在河道刻画中的应用

准确、高效地获取地震资料的频率信息是时频技术的关键。目前最热门的匹配追踪算法相比常用的小波变换和广义S变换来说,具有更高的时频分辨率和局部自适应性,能同时在时间域和频率域获得较准确的定位,提取较准确的频率域信息,为地震属性研究、油气检测等研究工作服务。RGB色彩融合技术是一种显示技术,它可以将多个频率体分为低、中、高三个频带进行融合显示,全面地反映各频带信息,弥补单一属性包含信息较少的缺点。将采用匹配追踪的RGB色彩融合技术应用于实际地震资料,清楚地刻画了河道的边界,并对河道内部的非均质性有一定程度的反映,较常规属性具有更深刻的意义。