Proton and metal ion binding to natural organic polyelectrolytes—II. Preliminary investigation with a peat and a humic acid

A unified physico-chemical model, based on a modified Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, for the analysis of ion complexation reactions involving charged polymeric systems is presented and verified. In this model pH = pK_a+p(ΔK_a) + log(α/1 − α) where K_a is the intrinsic acid dissociation constant of the ionizable functional groups on the polymer, ΔK_a is the deviation of the intrinsic constant due to electrostatic interaction between the hydrogen ion and the polyanion, and alpha (α) is the polyacid degree of ionization. Using this approach pK_a values for repeating acidic units of polyacrylic (PAA) and polymethacrylic (PMA) acids were found to be 4.25 ± 0.03 and 4.8 ± 0.1, respectively. The polyion electrostatic deviation term derived from the potentiometric titration data (i.e. p(ΔK_a)) is used to calculate metal ion concentration at the complexation site on the surface of the polyanion. Intrinsic cobalt-polycarboxylate binding constants (7.5 for PAA and 5.6 for PMA), obtained using this procedure, are consistent with the range of published binding constants for cobalt-monomer carboxylate complexes. In two phase systems incorporation of a Donnan membrane potential term allows determination of the intrinsic pK_a of a cross-linked PMA gel, pK_a = 4.83, in excellent agreement with the value obtained for the linear polyelectrolyte and the monomer. Similarly, the intrinsic stability constant for cobalt ion binding to a PMA-gel (β_CoPMA+ = 11) was found to be in agreement with the linear polyelectrolyte analogue and the published data for cobalt-carboxylate monodentate complexes.     

中国大陆及其邻近地区的地震层析成象

本文利用中国地震台网及ISC提供的区域地震和远震的P波走时数据,重建了中国大陆及其邻近地区的三维速度图象。 主要结果是:1.本文给出的速度图象揭示了中国大陆及其邻近地区的地壳和上地幔速度存在明显的横向不均匀性,这种不均匀性甚至在下地幔的1100km深度还依然存在。上地幔的速度图象同地表已知的地质构造特征的相关性可以追踪到110km,从220km以下很难找到它们之间的明显关系。2.45^-0km和45⁺⁰km深度处的速度图象明显地表示出中国大陆的地壳厚度可以102.5°E附近为界分为两部分:其东部地壳薄,厚度都小于45km;西部有一条自若尔盖-松潘（34°N,102.5°E附近）向西北沿38°N往西至塔里木盆地南缘的分界线;其南部除滇西南之外,整个青藏高原的地壳厚度都大于45km;其北部除天山山脉之外,地壳厚度一般不大于45km.3.110km深度处的速度图象表明,速度异常呈块状分布。同中国大地构造分区略图比较之后发现,其中,扬子准地台和塔里木地台对应于高速区,中朝准地台则大都表现为低速异常;华南褶皱系为低速区,青藏地块南缘喜马拉雅和冈底斯念青唐古拉褶皱系则表现为高速异常。4.220km深度处的速度图象表明,中国大陆相当多的地区软流层有明显的显示。5.同45_⁰km和45⁺⁰km的速度图象一样,400km和600km的速度图     

数字地形模型的质量控制

本文在分析、研究现有解决DTM质量控制的各种方法的基础上,提出了利用实测断面数据的所谓“断面内插分析法”。其特点是全面考虑了各种因素的影响,完整而可靠地描述各种因素对最终DTM数据精度的影响。实验证明:该法是最稳定、最可靠的,它具有简便易行的特点,几乎不增加多少作业负担,易于作业人员所接受,为DTM数据获取提供了一套非常实用的质量控制方案。     

分形内插与DELAUNAY三角网结合的三维地形可视化数据模型

为了有效地实现ＧＩＳ分析中地形数据的可视化，本文提出了分形内插与Ｄｅｌａｕｎａｙ三角网结合的三维地形可视化数据模型。该模型不仅能满足几何精度，保持地形特征，而且具有表面质感理想的可视化效果。该模型的空间分辨率可以由尺度、位置和时间参量来调节，具有多尺度表达、局部加密表达和时空动态表达的特点。该模型适于ＧＩＳ的可视化操作与分析。     

地形非均匀性对网格区地面长波辐射通量计算的影响

从理论和数值试验两个方面证明地形的非均匀性(如海拔高度)对网格区地面长波辐射通量的计算有重要影响,海拔高度场的区域平均值及其变差系数是影响网格区地面长波辐射通量的主要因素,仅仅用地表均匀假定下的区域平均参量(如平均海拔高度和平均温度)所计算的网格区地表有效辐射通量值与其真实值之间存在着一定的误差。由于地表有效辐射通量是海拔高度的非线性函数,在特定情况下,其影响相当大,可产生不容忽略的误差。相对而言,海拔高度自身非均匀性对误差的影响远大于地表温度非均匀性项及其混合扰动项所产生的误差。对于不同的地形平均高度,地形非均匀性影响的程度并不相同。平均高度较小时,非均匀性的影响几乎可以忽略,但随着地形平均高度的增加,地形非均匀性的影响程度呈非线性增长趋势。因而,在复杂地形区域,考虑次网格地形的热力作用非常必要。     

Application of 3D empirical travel times to routine event location

The unmodeled effects of lateral heterogeneity are a primary cause of event mislocation in routine methods. Approaches that account for the effect of lateral heterogeneity on travel times are commonly used in specialized studies, but some methods have recently been developed that are suitable for routine location. A variety of changes to the routine procedures have been suggested by other authors. These proposed changes are shown to be compatible to with the use of 3D travel time predictions. 3D empirical travel times are discussed in a routine context. This one step approach, based on direct use of a database of the most reliable previous observations, is shown to be suitable as an additional final step in routine procedures to give a supplementary high accuracy location. The empirical travel time approach is tested on a reference dataset of 155 ground truth events and shown to reduce epicentral mislocation by 45%. The approach is found to be particularly effective at reducing large mislocations. Improvement is demonstrated for every region represented in the dataset but particularly large improvements are shown for events in Europe, USA and Japan.     

Recurrence-time and frequency-slip statistics of slip events on the creeping section of the San Andreas fault in central California

An important question in seismic hazard assessments is the frequency-size and recurrence interval statistics at a point on a fault. Does a point on a fault obey the same statistics as earthquakes in a region do? This is a difficult question to answer because the number of repetitive earthquakes on a particular fault that have been observed is small. In order to overcome this difficulty we consider slip events on the creeping section of the San Andreas fault in central California. Sequences of up to 100 events are obtained from creepmeter records. We compare the statistical distribution of recurrence times with the Brownian passage-time, lognormal, and Weibull distributions and using goodness-of-fit tests find that the Weibull is the preferred distribution. We also consider the frequency–amplitude distribution of slip events. We find that the data clearly do not obey a Gutenberg–Richter distribution. Instead there is a uniform distribution of event sizes for a large fraction of events.