不同精度DEM流域地形特征提取分析及坡度误差控制研究

以北京密云水库牤牛河流域为试验区,对该流域4种精度DEM提取的流域地形值进行分析,并基于此对不同精度DEM所提取的坡度值进行了误差量化控制,运用曲线回归方法,建立了坡度损失拟合方程系.试验证明,该方法对坡度误差控制较好,具有较大的应用价值.     

Vertical accuracy of the SRTM DTED level 1 of Crete

A reference digital elevation model (DEM), produced from contour lines digitization, from topographic maps at scale 1:250.000 is used in order to assess the vertical accuracy of the SRTM DTED level 1 in Crete Island in Southern Greece. The error image interpretation revealed three types of systematic errors: (a) stripping, (b) large voids and (c) those errors resulted from the mis-registration of the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) imagery to the local datum. Terrain was segmented to plane regions and sloping regions. Sloping regions were segmented to aspect regions (aspect being standardized to the eight geographic directions defined in a raster/grid image). Error statistics was computed for the study area as well as the individual terrain classes. Vertical accuracy was found to be terrain class dependent. Sloping regions present greater mean error than the plane ones. Statistical tests verified that the difference in mean error between aspect regions that slope in opposite geographic directions is statistically significant. The greater mean error is observed for SW, W and NW aspect regions. The additional finishing steps applied to the SRTM dataset were not sufficient enough for the systematic errors and the terrain class dependency of the error to be corrected. The observed root-mean-square error (RMSE) for the SRTM DTED-1 of Crete do not fulfil the 16 m RMSE specification for the SRTM mission while the USA national map accuracy standards for the scale 1:250.000 are satisfied.     

核武器杀伤和破坏作用预测分析

在研究了核武器杀伤和破坏作用的基础上,定量拟合了部分瞬时杀伤因素的描述公式,结合地形因素对核武器杀伤和破坏作用影响的规律,构造了预测核武器杀伤和破坏作用的数学模型和计算机模型,经有关地区运算试验,具有一定的科学预测性。     

Some effects of lateral heterogeneities in the upper mantle on postglacial land uplift close to continental margins

We investigate the effects of lateral heterogeneities in the upper mantle on the calculation of postglacial land uplift. For the model calculations we use a commercial finite-element code, which enables us to solve the equations governing a layered, isotropic. incompressible, Maxwell-viscoelastic half-space with laterally varying layer thicknesses and physical properties. Following previous investigations performed by Sabadini. Yuen & Portney (1986) and Gasperini & Sabadini (1989), we extend their results using a more realistic loading history and different earth models. We then focus our attention on the question whether lateral heterogeneities in the upper mantle can be modelled correctly using a set of homogeneous earth models. To this end, a comparison of model calculations using both laterally homogeneous and heterogeneous earth models is performed.
We find that lateral heterogeneities in the upper mantle significantly influence the calculated postglacial land uplift. The resolving power of relative sea-level observations for the prescribed lateral heterogeneities used in this study is mainly focused on observations around the load margin and outside the glaciated areas, where differences in predicted land uplift between individual models are large enough to be resolved by observations.
We can qualitatively determine lateral heterogeneities in the upper mantle using a set of laterally homogeneous earth models, if the geological structure, for example a continental margin, is known. However, in order to infer the correct values of lithospheric thickness and asthenospheric viscosity, we need to use laterally heterogeneous models.     

空隙介质水动力弥散尺度效应的分形特征及弥散度初步估计

通过时空隙介质中水动力弥散尺度效应近期研究成果的总结和分析，阐述了不同尺度下空隙介质的空间非均质的自相似性，提出了水动力弥散的尺度效应在统计意义上具有分形特征，按计算方法（解析模型与数值方法）与岩性特征（孔隙介质与非孔隙介质）及计算模型维数的不同，对世界范围内所收集到的百余个纵向弥散度数据求出了尺度效应的分维数并进行了分析与讨论，为地下水污染模型研究提供了一种参数的初步估计方法。     

马厂油田沙三下亚段储层非均质性研究

笔者对马厂油田沙三下亚段储层的层内、层间及平面非均质性进行了 研究，分析了其控制因素，提出了非均质综合评价方法，并进行了非均质 评价。认为储层的非均质性受其沉积环境、成岩后生作用和构造运动控 制。层内非均质性严重，层间非均质性及平面非均质性较严重；砂组非均 质性较强，小层的相对较弱。评价结果表明，本区中等非均质储层分布普 遍。     

Simulation of one-dimensional correlated fields using a matrix-factorization moving average approach

The simulation of one-dimensional stationary correlated fields is of increasing importance in the earth sciences. A new method for repeated generation of independent realizations, which are long and dense relative to the correlation scale of the underlying stochastic process, is examined here. This method is conceptually simple and easy to apply. It consists of a matrix-factorization technique for derivation of moving average coefficients which are used as weights in the construction of successive observations from linear combinations of random normal deviates. The matrix-factorization procedure is fast and need be performed only once for a given correlation function and density of observations. This technique can be used to generate evenly spaced observations in time or a single space dimension for any prescribed correlation function and marginal distribution which is Gaussian with arbitrary mean and variance. Tests of ensemble properties of generation procedures have been developed and results for this method compared with those for a popular generation technique. For correlation functions and generation conditions examined, the matrix-factorization moving average approach more accurately produces ensemble characteristics of the prescribed underlying process. For repeated generation of 2001 observations spaced evenly over realizations with length equal to 100 times the correlation scale, the moving average approach requires only about one fifth the CPU time used by the Shinozuka and Jan method to obtain similar accuracy.     

不同沉积环境储层的层内非均质性──以黄骅坳陷为例

以黄骅坳陷第三系为例，系统论述了冲积扇、水下扇、重力流水道、堡坝、三角洲及河流等沉积砂体的层内非均质性。其中辫状河沉积砂体属于强非均质层，堡坝沉积砂体属于均质层，不同沉积砂体的非均质性特点受沉积条件及沉积方式的控制，而成岩作用也有一定的影响。