Scale dependent effects in resource selection by crop-raiding Japanese macaques in Niigata Prefecture,Japan

A resource selection function is one that yields values proportional to the probability of use of a resource unit. This quantity is influenced by the heterogeneity of landscape structures, which occurs over multiple spatial scales. To provide input into wildlife management strategies, we investigated the scale dependency and functional responses of Japanese macaques using multiple scale analysis. The multiple buffers with radii of 100, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, and 2500 m were defined as the spatial scale. Crop damage was predicted at the within-home range scale, using the Random Forests algorithm with environmental variables linked to resource selection of Japanese macaques. Sixteen environmental variables were defined, covering aspects of landscape configuration, human disturbance, topography, and adopted countermeasures. Crop damage was most accurately predicted within a buffer zone of 1000 m, although radii exceeding 1000 m were also highly accurate. Although the importance of variables differed among spatial extents, the functional responses for each environmental variable were independent of spatial extent. These results suggest that the limiting factors of crop damage depend on spatial extent, while functional responses in resource selection remain constant across spatial extents. We also compared a multi-scale gradient map with a typical binary map to demonstrate the uncertainty in damage predictions at different spatial scales. Our results may aid wildlife management planning, for which differences in resource selection across different spatial scales are critically important.     

近10 a来民勤盆地地下水埋深的空间异质性分析

 在GIS环境下,采用地统计空间分析技术,利用民勤盆地1999-2008年10?a的地下水位观测资料,在插值获取逐年地下水埋深栅格数据的基础上,对民勤盆地地下水埋深的时空格局和空间异质性进行了分析。结果表明：（1）1999-2008年民勤盆地地下水埋深急剧增大,整体平均每年增加幅度为0.52?m,地下水降落漏斗区逐年扩大,并有与附近漏斗区融合的趋势;（2）1999-2008年10 a间的地下水埋深的空间相关性逐年增大,表明民勤盆地地下水埋深的空间结构性逐年增强,地下水储存的空间连通性增加,地下水位的可恢复性和持续可开采性更为脆弱,影响地下水埋深的随机性因素逐渐下降,而人类活动对地下水埋深的影响越来越强烈。     

The research plan of the National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis

Abstract

In August 1988 the U.S. National Science Board established a National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis. This paper, which is adapted from the proposal of the successful consortium, describes a multi-year research agenda built around the recognition of impediments to the successful application of geographical information systems technology. The impediments range in nature from technical to institutional and are organized into five major areas: spatial analysis and spatial statistics, spatial databases, artificial intelligence and expert systems, visualization, and social and economic issues. The Center's research programme consists of a series of initiatives in specific areas, which are designed to last for periods of up to two years and to address the removal of recognized impediments.     

DEM resolution dependencies of terrain attributes across a landscape

This paper documents resolution dependencies in terrain analysis and describes how they vary across landform location. Six terrain attributes were evaluated as a function of DEM resolution—slope, plan curvature, profile curvature, north–south slope orientation, east–west slope orientation, and topographic wetness index. The research highlights the effect of varying spatial resolution through a spatial sampling/resampling scheme while maintaining sets of indexed sample points at various resolutions. Tested sample points therefore coincide exactly between two directly compared resolutions in terms of their location and elevation value. An unsupervised landform classification procedure based on statistical clustering algorithms was employed to define landform classes in a reproducible manner. Correlation and regression analyses identified sensitive and consistent responses for each attribute as resolution was changed, although the tested terrain attributes responded in characteristically different ways. These responses displayed distinguishable patterns among various landform classes, a conclusion that was further verified by a series of two‐sample, two‐tailed t‐tests.     

油砂储层非均质性的研究及对油气运移通道的预测 ——-以松辽盆地西部斜坡为例

以松辽盆地西部斜坡上白垩统油砂矿藏为例的研究表明,研究区主要发育三角洲前缘储集砂体,油砂储层存在严重的非均质性。与常规油气储层相比,层内非均质性要比平面和层间非均质性强,并且其控制因素也存在差异。在此基础上,以储层非均质性参数对油气运移通道进行预测,认为在断层不发育的构造简单斜坡油气运移的主要通道为水下分流河道下部和河口坝中的粗粒砂体,而远砂坝和席状砂砂体由于泥岩隔层、夹层、物性差和砂体层薄的原因不具备砂体连通或油气运移的条件。     

合水地区长6油层微观渗流特征及驱油效率影响因素研究

对鄂尔多斯盆地合水地区长6油层组超低渗透储层的微观渗流特征及驱油效率影响因素进行深入研究,为提高采收率提供了科学依据。研究以真实砂岩微观模型渗流实验为主要手段,结合铸体薄片、扫描电镜、压汞等方法对孔隙结构、岩石类型等进行测试。研究表明,研究区长6油层的渗流特征以网状驱替和均匀驱替为主,指状驱替甚少;不同的驱替类型对应不同的最终驱油效率,均匀驱替模型最终驱油效率最高,指状驱替模型最低。储层物性中渗透率是影响驱油效率的主要因素,孔隙度次之;适当地提高驱替压力能够有效地提高驱油效率;提高注水体积倍数也能适当地提高驱油效率;非均质性对驱油效率也有一定的影响。     

铀储层结构与成矿流场研究:揭示东胜砂岩型铀矿床成矿机理的一把钥匙

以鄂尔多斯盆地北部的砂岩型铀矿为目标,在铀储层形成发育的沉积学背景研究基础上,重点通过砂分散体系、沉积物粒度、隔挡层厚度和孔隙度的定量分析,精细地刻画了直罗组铀储层的外部几何形态和内部复杂结构,充分展示了铀储层的定量非均质性。依据盆地构造充填演化阶段、铀成矿年代学和地学空间信息三维可视化平台,分别对5个演化阶段的古地貌进行了恢复,并对不同演化时期的铀储层空间位置给予了准确定位,从而揭示了直罗组铀储层从沉积到接受铀成矿再到铀矿被改造期间的空间形态演化历史。在盆地构造充填演化研究、古地貌恢复和铀储层定量非均质性分析的基础上,重建了5个不同时期古地下水系统结构和参数的空间变化面貌,并运用地下水数值模拟方法再现了研究区5个演化阶段成矿古流场的特征及其演化规律。综合分析认为,铀储层的空间演变和内部非均质性制约了成矿流场的基本格局,成矿流场又无疑控制着层间氧化带的发育和铀成矿。当铀储层形成期的古水流方向与主成矿期地下水流场方向总体一致时有利于铀成矿,而当两者流向垂直时则成矿效率降低。     

Soil and landscape studies in Western Australia

The main features of climate and geology relevant to a discussion of the soils and landscapes of Western Australia are briefly reviewed. The pattern of drainage is described in terms of six drainage divisions, each with characteristic physiography and soils. In the interior, this involves a reconstruction of an ancient drainage system, based on the maps of the Atlas of Australian Soils. It is shown, on a continental scale, that the major divides are characterised not only by deep, chemically weathered, often lateritic profiles, but also by extensive sandy deposits derived from these preweathered materials.     

余震活动机理研究综述

从介质和应力的不均匀性、力学加载、流体侵入及应力腐蚀、速率-状态依从等几方面对余震活动机理研究进行综述.已有的研究表明,介质和应力的不均匀性是余震产生的基本前提.瞬时蠕变和余滑观点能够从力学的角度解释震后极短时间内余震的快速衰减,而应力松弛过程更有利于解释长时期的余震活动特征.流体侵入及应力腐蚀在一定条件下控制着余震的演化过程.受主震应力扰动影响的断层间的相互作用,始终存在于余震的活动过程之中.各类模型和理论解释都在努力寻求与G-R关系和修改的大森公式这两个统计地震学基本关系的一致性.     

岩芯尺度的宽频介电常数频谱实验室测量设备的误差分析及其在物质测量中的应用(英文)

宽频介电常数频谱测井技术最近被引进石油工业.这种新技术区别于传统介电常数测井技术在于多频率频谱的测定和利用.高频谱端包含介质油水饱和度信息,而低频谱端对介质中孔隙结构和水的分布形态很敏感.这种新技术可以有效地被应用于比如超淡水介质或者超黏度重油等对于常规测井来说是很困难的测量环境,而且受介质水中的含盐度影响很小.随着井下测井仪器的投入使用,相应的实验室岩芯测定设备和方法就变得重要起来.因为实验室环境相对较为稳定和可控,实验室岩芯测量结果是对井下测量的很好地验证和校订.文献中记载了许多非破坏性的实验室介电常数的测量设备,然而这些设备的共同局限性是它们对岩芯尺寸和岩芯样本的要求和限制,一般要求粉末状岩芯或者一厘米左右的小柱状岩芯.在碳酸盐介质中,非均匀性和各项异性非常普遍,小的岩芯样本能否涵盖井下设备测量尺度(1.5英寸)的特性很值得商榷.本文中介绍了一种最新设计的实验室大直径宽频介电常数测量设备.这个设备可以直接测量石油工业传统的1.5英寸岩芯样本,测量是非毁坏性的,也就是测量后的岩芯样本可以直接用于其它实验室测量设备,比如电阻率测量或核磁共振测量等.大量重复性试验测得的介电常数色散频谱的精确度对于低损耗介质在2%以内而对于高损耗介质在对孔隙度和含盐度校正以后精确度在3%.文中详细介绍了测量设备所使用的反演程序的算法模型,以及反演误差的算法.反演最后的误差可以用来做数据质量的评定.该测量装置被用于许多物质的测定.测定物质的数据库中合成石英(fused quartz),Teflon,合成陶瓷以及单晶硅的介电常数值可以在文献中找到.该设备的测量结果与文献参考值相符合,说明了该设备测量结果的可靠性.该设备还测量了矿物晶体碳酸钙,晶体白云石以及晶体硬石膏的介电常数,这是常见的碳酸盐介质的主要成分.这些测量给出了碳酸盐介质的边界成分区域值作为参考.该设备测量的两个单晶硅柱状样本的介电常数频谱特性发现退火会改变晶体的结构提高强度,同时会改变介质介电常数的特性.同时矿物晶体碳酸钙测量值高于粉末状测量结果也说明晶体结构可能会导致介电常数测量的不同.该设备具有1.5英寸的大尺度,因此具有和井下设备相仿的测量范围,因而不受介质水平各项异性的影响.但另一方面,该设备仍可以研究垂直各项异性.垂直各项异性的主要原因可能是化学成分不同,孔隙结构不对称或者温度对水分布的影响等等.在对岩石地面露头采样的研究中,宽频介电常数频谱实验室设备检测出了岩芯垂直各项异性,通过对比核磁共振一维孔隙度剖面结构发现总孔隙度不均衡以及分布不对称为该各项异性的主要来源,并且被CT图像所证实.