Sub‐millennial climate shifts in the western Mediterranean during the last glacial period recorded in a speleothem from Mallorca,Spain

Very few high‐resolution and directly dated terrestrial archives of the last glacial period exist for the western Mediterranean region, yet this is a key locality for recording sub‐millennial North Atlantic and Mediterranean climate change. Here, we present evidence of effective precipitation changes based on growth history and δ¹³C of calcite in a Mallorcan stalagmite that grew between 112 and 48 ka. Effective precipitation in Mallorca appears to have been sensitive to proximal sea surface temperature variations and at certain times, ca. 76 ka for example, changed rapidly from moist to arid conditions in only a few centuries. A sea‐level highstand during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5a interrupted growth. Regrowth started promptly after this, but effective precipitation decreased markedly for much of the later part of MIS 5a, and also for shorter periods correlative with Heinrich events H8 (ca. 90 ka) and H6 (ca. 65 ka), with growth ceasing during H5 (ca. 48 ka). Arid episodes in Mallorca appear to be expressions of extremely cold periods recorded further north in Europe and occur contemporaneously with rapid decreases in Greenland temperature. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Multi‐depth monitoring of electrical conductivity and temperature of groundwater at a multilayered coastal aquifer: Jeju Island,Korea

To supplement conventional geophysical log data, this study presents temporal variations in electrical conductivity (EC) and temperature with depth in a multilayered coastal aquifer, on the eastern part of Jeju Island, Korea. One‐month time‐series data obtained at eight points from a multi‐depth monitoring system showed that semidiurnal and semimonthly tidal variations induced dynamic fluctuations in EC and temperature. At some depths, EC ranged from 1483 to 26 822 µS cm^?1, while some points showed no significant variations. The results of EC log and time‐series data revealed that a sharp fresh‐saltwater interface occurred at low tide, but the diffusion zone broadened to 20 m at high tide. EC, temperature, and tide level data were used for the cross‐correlation analysis. The response time of EC and temperature to tide appears to range from less than 30 min to 11 h. Using end‐member mixing analysis (EMMA), the fraction of variations of chloride concentration in the multilayered aquifer was explained, and a conceptual model was developed which subdivided the coastal aquifer into four vertical zones. The percentage of water derived from seawater varied from 2 to 48 at specific depth, owing to tidal fluctuations. Continuous observations of EC and temperature at multiple depths are powerful tools for quantifying the transport of saline water by tidal variations in multilayered coastal aquifers. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Agricultural land use and hydrology affect variability of shallow groundwater nitrate concentration in South Florida

South Florida's Miami‐Dade agricultural area is located between two protected natural areas, the Biscayne and Everglades National Parks, subject to the costliest environmental restoration project in history. Agriculture, an important economic activity in the region, competes for land and water resources with the restoration efforts and Miami's urban sprawl. The objective of this study, understanding water quality interactions between agricultural land use and the shallow regional aquifer, is critical to the reduction of agriculture's potentially negative impacts. A study was conducted in a 4‐ha square field containing 0·9 ha of corn surrounded by fallow land. The crop rows were oriented NW–SE along the dominant groundwater flow in the area. A network of 18 monitoring wells was distributed across the field. Shallow groundwater nitrate–nitrogen concentration [N‐NO₃^?] was analyzed on samples collected from the wells biweekly for 3 years. Detailed hydrological (water table elevation [WTE] at each well, groundwater flow direction [GwFD], rainfall) and crop (irrigation, fertilization, calendar) data were also recorded in situ. Flow direction is locally affected by seasonal regional drainage through canal management exercised by the local water authority. The data set was analyzed by dynamic factor analysis (DFA), a specialized time series statistical technique only recently applied in hydrology. In a first step, the observed nitrate variation was successfully described by five common trends representing the unexplained variability. By including the measured hydrological series as explanatory variables the trends were reduced to only three. The analysis yields a quantification of the effects of hydrological factors over local groundwater nitrate concentration. Furthermore, a spatial structure across the field, matching land use, was found in the five remaining common trends whereby the groundwater [N‐NO₃^?] in wells within the corn rows could be generally separated from those in fallow land NW and SE of the crop strip. Fertilization, masked by soil/water/plant‐delayed processes, had no discernible effect on groundwater nitrate levels. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Analytical model for fully three‐dimensional radial dispersion in a finite‐thickness aquifer

Analytical solutions for contaminant transport in a non‐uniform flow filed are very difficult and relatively rare in subsurface hydrology. The difficulty is because of the fact that velocity vector in the non‐uniform flow field is space‐dependent rather than constant. In this study, an analytical model is presented for describing the three‐dimensional contaminant transport from an area source in a radial flow field which is a simplest case of the non‐uniform flow. The development of the analytical model is achieved by coupling the power series technique, the Laplace transform and the two finite Fourier cosine transform. The developed analytical model is examined by comparing with the Laplace transform finite difference (LTFD) solution. Excellent agreements between the developed analytical model and the numerical model certificate the accuracy of the developed model. The developed model can evaluate solution for Peclet number up to 100. Moreover, the mathematical behaviours of the developed solution are also studied. More specifically, a hypothetical convergent flow tracer test is considered as an illustrative example to demonstrate the three‐dimensional concentration distribution in a radial flow field. The developed model can serve as benchmark to check the more comprehensive three‐dimensional numerical solutions describing non‐uniform flow contaminant transport. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

西藏冈底斯成矿带成矿规律

冈底斯成矿带是中国西部最重要的成矿带之一,目前已探获的铜金属资源量大于3000万t、铅锌金属资源量大于730万t。前人对该带成矿地质条件、成矿规律、成矿理论等研究取得了创新性、突破性的成果,文章结合成矿带最新勘查和研究进展,开展了以下总结工作：①划分了矿床类型。成矿带已发现的矿床类型包括：斑岩型铜金、铜钼、钼（铜）矿床,矽卡岩型铜、铅锌、铁、钨钼矿床,浅成中-低温热液型铅锌银、铯、自然硫矿床,沉积型石膏、煤等;②收集汇总了矿床成岩成矿高精度年龄学数据,总结了成矿时代分布规律,划分了石炭纪、晚三叠世—侏罗纪、早白垩世晚期—晚白垩世早期、晚白垩世晚期—始新世早期、渐新世、中新世、第四纪7个成矿期;③总结了不同矿床类型的空间分布规律,探讨了矿床东西向成带、南北向成串的控制因素;④收集了典型矿床金属硫化物的硫、铅同位素数据,探讨了成矿物质来源对成矿元素的影响：幔源物质→壳幔混合物质→壳源物质依次对应了Cu-Au→ Cu-Mo→Pb-Zn成矿元素的分布;⑤厘定了5个成矿系列,包括冈底斯与晚古生代沉积成矿作用有关的石膏矿床成矿系列;冈底斯与印支晚期—燕山早期中酸性岩浆成矿作用有关的Cu、Au、Ag、Fe矿床成矿系列;冈底斯与晚中生代沉积成矿作用有关的煤矿床成矿系列;冈底斯与喜马拉雅期岩浆成矿作用有关的Cu、Mo、Pb、Zn、Au、Ag、W、Fe、Co矿床成矿系列;冈底斯与新生代沉积成矿作用有关的砂金矿床成矿系列;⑥探讨了区域构造演化与成矿的关系。     

富铁橄榄石的水溶性实验研究SCIEI北大核心CSCD

地幔的力学性质主要受橄榄石流变性的控制,含水对橄榄石流变性质的影响很大,而橄榄石的水溶性受到温度和铁含量的影响,因此,本文进行了不同铁含量橄榄石在不同温度下的水溶性实验研究。实验使用的样品为天然橄榄石单晶Fa_(17)和Fa_(24.7)(Fe_(No.)=100×molar Fe/(Mg+Fe))以及人工合成的橄榄石单晶Fa_(22);橄榄石单晶的水溶性实验在300MPa围压和1273~1473K的温度条件下进行,每隔50K进行一组实验,氧逸度被控制在Ni NiO水平上。实验结束后,对橄榄石单晶沿b面进行双面研磨抛光,用电子探针分析确定橄榄石单晶成分,采用EBSD精确测量橄榄石的单晶方向,使用红外光谱仪(FTIR)的非偏振光路测试橄榄石单晶在b轴上的吸收光谱。对FTIR吸收光谱进行积分得到富铁橄榄石的水溶性实验结果:当温度由1273K升至1473K时,橄榄石单晶Fa_(17)的水溶性变化为600~1200H/10^(6) Si,橄榄石单晶Fa_(24.7)的水溶性变化为1000~1300H/10^(6) Si,人工合成的橄榄石单晶Fa_(22)的水溶性变化为500~900 H/10^(6) Si。因此,相同铁含量橄榄石单晶的水溶性随温度的增加而增加,相同温度条件下,天然形成的橄榄石的水溶性随着铁含量的增加而增加,百分之一的铁含量的增加,可以导致约百分之十的水溶性的增加。本文所研究的不同铁含量的橄榄石可以为更好地估算上地幔水溶性提供依据。     

中国锗矿成矿规律概要

锗是一种重要的稀散元素,在半导体、光电器件和其他工业领域扮演着重要角色。文章通过对已有研究成果的系统梳理,初步总结了中国锗矿的资源特征和成矿规律,并建立了成矿谱系。研究认为,中国主要的锗矿床和富锗矿床可被划分为煤层型锗矿、碳酸盐岩容矿型锗矿、岩浆热液型富锗矿床、火山岩型富锗矿床和沉积型矿产中的潜在锗资源5种类型,较为重要的类型包括煤层型和碳酸盐岩容矿型。锗成矿作用时间跨度较大,从元古代到新生代均有矿床形成,但相对集中于中生代。空间上,不同类型锗矿的分布各具特点,煤层型锗矿主要分布于大兴安岭和西南三江地区;碳酸盐岩容矿型锗矿主要分布于川滇黔地区;岩浆热液型富锗矿床、火山岩型富锗矿床主要分布于长江中下游地区和南岭地区。根据锗矿的时空分布特征及其与构造演化的关系,文章共划分出15个锗成矿带,建立了21个与锗成矿作用有关的成矿系列。     

基于控制区间牵引算法的地下施工变形预测

变形是地下结构施工安全状态的重要评价指标。针对数据驱动变形预测方法中地下施工动态影响因素难以量化这一问题,提出了基于控制区间牵引算法的地下施工变形预测模型。以双向长短时记忆网络（Bi-LSTM）对变形监测时间序列进行预测,以数值模拟在关键施工阶段处的结果为牵引点。根据实测值随阶段更新牵引点,并基于注意力机制双向长短时记忆网络（Bi-LSTM-AM）以牵引点修正数据驱动模型在控制区间的预测结果,实现更准确、更智能的地下施工变形预测。设置牵引相对权重,使模型可自适应判断当前合理牵引程度,准确融合了Bi-LSTM与数值模拟的结果。通过相关历史案例与数据,验证了牵引预测模型的有效性。依托西安市西咸新区丰镐三路地下通道上跨地铁1号线自动化监测实例,采用牵引算法预测了地下结构变形。结果表明：在关键施工阶段处,牵引作用改善了数据驱动预测方法存在的滞后问题,各阶段误差平均降低了24.34%;不断优化的牵引点逐渐趋近真值,降低了数值模拟出现偏差时造成的影响。该方法可为地下施工变形预测问题提供新途径。     

青海“三稀”矿床成矿系列、成矿规律与找矿方向

青海“三稀”矿以稀有金属矿产和伴生稀散元素矿产为主, 稀土矿床分布于拉脊山成矿带和柴北缘成矿带, 类型仅有岩浆型(轻稀土)和岩浆热液型(轻稀土), 成矿于早古生代奥陶纪和志留纪, 成矿环境研究程度较低。稀有金属矿床主要出露于西秦岭成矿带和柴达木成矿带, 类型可分为与岩浆作用有关的岩浆型(铌、钽)、伟晶岩型(锂、铍、铌、钽)、岩浆热液型(铌、钽); 与沉积作用有关的蒸发沉积型(锂)和化学沉积型(锶), 岩浆作用矿床成矿高峰期为中生代三叠纪, 成矿于古特提斯演化后碰撞环境, 沉积作用矿床成矿爆发期为新生代新近纪和第四纪, 与青藏高原强烈抬升所致的断陷成盆及干旱气候有关; 稀散元素矿床均为有色金属矿床的伴生矿, 广泛分布于北祁连成矿带、柴北缘成矿带、东昆仑成矿带、西秦岭成矿带和阿尼玛卿成矿带, 矿种多样, 已知成矿元素有Ga、Ge、Cd、In、Se、Te等, 矿床类型丰富, 主要包括海相火山岩型、接触交代型和陆相火山岩型, 成矿时代相对集中于早古生代奥陶纪、晚古生代二叠纪和中生代三叠纪, 可能形成于原特提斯演化弧后盆地、岩浆弧环境。依据矿床时空分布特征、成矿作用及成矿地质背景, 将青海“三稀”矿产划分为10个矿床成矿系列、18个矿床成矿亚系列、20个矿床式。基于“三稀”矿床区域成矿地质背景、区域成矿条件、已知矿化信息和研究程度分析, 提出了成矿区带不同类型“三稀”矿产找矿远景, 认为西秦岭成矿带、柴北缘成矿带和东昆仑成矿带为伟晶岩型锂、铍、铌、钽、铷稀有金属找矿远景区, 柴达木成矿带为蒸发沉积型和化学沉积型锂、锶、铷矿找矿远景区; 对于研究程度较弱的稀散元素矿, 除在已知的矿集区着力稀散元素赋存状态、超常富集研究和资源量核算之外, 东昆仑成矿带牛苦头—野马泉矽卡岩型有色金属矿集区为稀散元素找矿的有利远景区。     

新疆阿吾拉勒铁矿带成矿系列和找矿重大突破

西天山阿吾拉勒铁矿带是新疆最重要的铁矿带之一。在伊犁地块前寒武纪基底上发育起来的阿吾拉勒石炭纪上叠裂谷, 形成了由一套海相双峰式火山岩建造组成的火山岩带, 伴随强烈火山活动和岩浆成矿作用, 形成以铁为主, 铜、锌、铅、金、银等共生的海相火山岩型矿床。按照矿床成矿系列理论, 建立了矿床成矿系列(组)、亚系列及矿床式(组), 随着火山活动强度由强到弱, 清晰表现出铁矿成矿强度由弱到强, 再变弱, 就位方式由火山喷发沉积到火山气液-矿浆贯入-喷溢充填, 再到火山喷流沉积, 最后结束于含矿次火山岩浆侵入, 成矿组分由单一的铁逐渐变成铁、铜、锌、铅、金、银的多元素组合的演化规律。进入新世纪, 特别是新疆“358”项目实施以来, 阿吾拉勒铁矿带勘查在资金、人员、技术、政策等方面得到加强, 首次在西天山高山地区实施铁矿整装勘查, 构建了由正确的技术路线、科学的成矿理论、先进的技术方法、有力的保障措施等关键要素组成的评价体系, 实现了阿吾拉勒铁矿带找矿重大突破, 使之成为新疆最大的富铁矿带, 形成了实现勘查突破的关键路径和经验范式。