植物物候遥感监测精度影响因素研究综述

基于植物物候的遥感监测对于研究植被对气候变化的响应具有重要的科学价值。本文在阐述植物物候遥感监测原理及其通用技术流程的基础上,分别从植被类型及其所处的地理条件、遥感数据源及其预处理、植物物候遥感识别方法和植物物候遥感监测结果评价4个方面分析了影响植物物候遥感监测精度的因素,并针对当前研究中存在的不足,探讨了提高植物物候遥感监测精度的可行性途径,即建立高分辨率的近地面遥感定点观测及数据共享网络,发展普适性更强的卫星遥感时序数据去噪及植被指数曲线重建方法,寻求稳定性更高的植物物候期遥感识别方法,探索综合运用地面观测、遥感监测与模型模拟实现物候观测空间尺度拓展的可能性。     

基于客流特征的北京地铁站点类型识别

地铁站点是城市各种社会经济活动的关键节点,不同类型的地铁站点在城市中的区域条件、交通功能、土地利用类型等方面均存在差异,科学的站点分类有助于了解城市功能分区及评价轨道交通基础设施建设状况。本文基于2013年3月份14天工作日地铁刷卡客流量数据,运用引入客流特征的时间序列聚类方法,对北京市195个地铁站点进行分类。研究表明：①地铁站点客流量存在时空差异,也是城市功能分区时空差异的表现之一。②通过引入客流特征的时间序列方法,将地铁站点分为居住导向型、就业导向型、职住错位型、错位偏居住型、错位偏就业型、混合型、综合型及其他型8种不同类型。③利用地铁站点客流量数据,是将空间行为和实体空间进行关联比较的有效途径。     

Assessing artificial neural networks coupled with wavelet analysis for multi-layer soil moisture dynamics prediction

Soil moisture simulation and prediction in semi-arid regions are important for agricultural production,soil conservation and climate change.However,considerable heterogeneity in the spatial distribution of soil moisture,and poor ability of distributed hydrological models to estimate it,severely impact the use of soil moisture models in research and practical applications.In this study,a newly-developed technique of coupled(WA-ANN) wavelet analysis(WA) and artificial neural network(ANN) was applied for a multi-layer soil moisture simulation in the Pailugou catchment of the Qilian Mountains,Gansu Province, China.Datasets included seven meteorological factors:air and land surface temperatures,relative humidity,global radiation, atmospheric pressure,wind speed,precipitation,and soil water content at 20,40,60,80,120 and 160 cm.To investigate the effectiveness of WA-ANN,ANN was applied by itself to conduct a comparison.Three main findings of this study were:(1) ANN and WA-ANN provided a statistically reliable and robust prediction of soil moisture in both the root zone and deepest soil layer studied(NSE >0.85,NSE means Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency coefficient);(2) when input meteorological factors were transformed using maximum signal to noise ratio(SNR) and one-dimensional auto de-noising algorithm(heursure) in WA, the coupling technique improved the performance of ANN especially for soil moisture at 160 cm depth;(3) the results of multi-layer soil moisture prediction indicated that there may be different sources of water at different soil layers,and this can be used as an indicator of the maximum impact depth of meteorological factors on the soil water content at this study site.We conclude that our results show that appropriate simulation methodology can provide optimal simulation with a minimum distortion of the raw-time series;the new method used here is applicable to soil sciences and management applications.     

涟源富硒土壤研究与湖南省富硒土壤分布初探

在部省合作"湖南省娄邵盆地多目标地球化学调查"项目的资助下,系统地采集测试了涟源市耕地和园地的表层土壤样品。调查发现该地区发育了大量的富硒土壤,富硒土壤的来源主要与震旦系上统—寒武系下统和二叠系中上统的黑色岩系有关。上述黑色岩系分布区域的表层土壤具有全区最高的硒含量,均大于1 mg/kg,部分甚至达到硒过量的水平。经文献研究和综合评价,推断黑色岩系风化物质扩散堆积形成的山间盆地是湖南省快速高效的寻找富硒土壤的理想靶区。     

夏玉米生长过程曲线重建研究——以鹤壁市为例

增强型植被指数(EVI)时间序列数据(即植被生长曲线)是整个生育期内植被各种生物学特征的综合反映。由于太阳位置、大气、地表和传感器位置与性能等的影响,根据遥感数据计算的EVI值往往比实际值偏低(存在大量噪声),并不能反映植被生长的真实情况,应用前需进行去噪重建工作。针对目前生长曲线重建研究大多是针对MODIS等国外遥感数据的情况,在综合分析重建方法的基础上,利用风云3号卫星的MERSI中分辨率遥感卫星数据构建鹤壁市夏玉米的EVI生长过程曲线。首先,用最大值合成法(MVC)对原始EVI时间序列数据进行初步的去云处理。接着,利用基于时间域的Savitzky-Golay滤波(简称SG滤波)对该EVI序列进行进一步的平滑去噪处理,结果发现,在噪声点EVI数值提高了,但同时在其他不是噪声点的地方EVI的值降低了。针对这种不合理的情况,利用基于SG迭代滤波取上包络线的改进方法进行处理,很好地克服了上述缺陷,在非噪声点EVI数值适当提高,且曲线平滑,达到了生长曲线重建的目的。然后,采用基于频率域的小波变换方法进行实验对比,结果发现,小波变换存在着与经典SG滤波类似的缺陷,而且在曲线末端存在突变情况。经过比较分析发现,针对研究区的实际情况,改进SG迭代滤波是较优的去噪方法。     

准噶尔盆地侏罗纪含铀岩系的层序划分与对比

为对比分析准噶尔盆地侏罗纪含铀岩系的特征,在盆地北部、东部、南部筛选了3个钻透中下侏罗统西山窑组(J_2x)和八道湾组(J_1b)的钻孔,以岩性组合、沉积特征和测井曲线为基础,结合层序地层学原理和前人研究成果,对其含铀岩系进行了划分与对比。选择12个铀矿化异常孔编制了层序沉积连井模式图,讨论了层序充填及演化特征。结果表明:盆地不同位置地层层序差异较大,北缘从侏罗系下统三工河组到侏罗系上统齐古组(J_1s—J_3q)发育了3个三级层序和7个体系域。盆地东缘从侏罗系下统八道湾组到上统齐古组(J_1b—J_3q),发育了5个三级层序和12个体系域,整体经历了一个较为完整的湖侵过程,4个次级的湖侵湖退使湖平面达到最高位。南缘从侏罗系中统西山窑组到上统齐古组(J_2x—J_3q)发育了3个三级层序和7个体系域,经历一次构造隆升作用造成了大规模湖退事件和一次完整的湖侵事件。八道湾期至齐古期至少经历了两次完整的湖退、湖侵事件,整体上经历了一个先退积、后进积、再退积的过程。头屯河期湖退过程中形成的扇三角洲、辫状河砂体是主要的铀储层,也标志着一次重要的构造隆升事件。研究区岩相主要有辫状河、辫状河三角洲、湖泊、湖泊三角洲和扇三角洲5种沉积相类型和10种沉积亚相,含铀岩系亚相主要有辫状河道、扇三角洲平原、湖泊三角洲平原。西山窑组(J_2x)含煤建造上下发育2个区域性平行不整合面,界面之下发育大规模湖泊三角洲相的粘土层圈闭了上下两侧的砂体,是寻找砂岩型铀富集的有利区带。这些认识,不仅提高了准噶尔盆地侏罗系层序地层的对比划分的精度,而且对盆地控铀要素和形成环境研究及全面开展铀矿找矿工作意义重大。     

Review of Methods for Simulating Land Surface Temperature at the Pixel Scale Based on Ground Measurements over Heterogeneous Surface

Remotely sensed Land Surface Temperature (LST) is a key parameter for studying the global climate changes and the exchanges of water and energy. Acquiring LST accurately is important to diagnose the change of environment on earth. Quantifying the uncertainty of remotely sensed LST is the first step of its application. However, due to the difficulties in obtaining the ground truth of LST at the pixel scale, it is difficult to validate the remotely sensed LST. Here, methods for simulating the LST at the pixel scale based on ground measurements over heterogeneous area were reviewed. From the way to construct the ground scene, these methods were classified into three types, including the Modified Geometric Projection model (MGP), realistic structural three-dimensional model, and other model. The advantages and disadvantages of these models were examined and compared. Finally, some issues in simulating LST at the pixel scale over heterogeneous area needed to be solved and on-going directions in the future were summarized.     

Changing Trends of Winter Temperature in Recent 53 Years in Ningxia and Impact for Agriculture

Based on winter (December to February) daily temperature data of 20 meteorological stations in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region since 1961, the interannual and interdecadal change trend and the mutation characteristics of the winter average, the maximum, and the minimum temperature of the whole Ningxia region, the Yellow River irrigation area, the central arid zone and the southern mountainous area were analyzed using linear trend, Mann-Kendall test and other methods; Meanwhile,the new characteristics of average temperature of the coldest month, <0 ℃ negative accumulated temperature in winter of the 21^st century and impact on agriculture were comparatively analyzed. The results showed that: Firstly, in the whole region and different areas of Ningxia, winter average temperature rose significantly before 2000, the Yellow River irrigation area was the most obvious in winter warming than that in the central arid zone and the southern mountainous area. 1985 was the abrupt change point of winter average temperatures in most areas of Ningxia. In the early 21^st century the winter average temperature rose slowly in most areas of Ningxia, even falling in the central arid zone. Secondly, the rise of average minimum temperature was significantly higher than average temperature and average maximum temperature in the winter, indicating that the rise of winter temperature in Ningxia was mainly due to winter minimum temperature. Since the 21^st century, the average maximum temperature had changed more dramatically than the average temperature in the winter, dropping in most areas. Winter average minimum temperature in addition to the central arid zone declined slightly after 2002, and continued to rise in most areas of Ningxia.Thirdly, both rise of the average temperature of the coldest month and dramatic reduction of the absolute value of negative accumulated temperature is not only beneficial to the northern planting boundary of winter crops spreading further to north and planting areas expanding with a lower risk of freezing injury, but also beneficial to crop pests increase.     

Construction of synthetic ocean wave series along the Colombian Caribbean Coast: A wave climate analysis

In this paper a methodology is applied to generate synthetic wave series during mean and extreme conditions. An analysis is carried out that describes mean and extreme wave behavior for several climatic conditions along the Colombian Caribbean Coast. During mean conditions, the most energetic ocean waves are observed during the DJF season for both ENSO phases (El Niño and La Niña) for most of the Caribbean Sea. During the Niño years, there is a reduction in the speed of the north-east trade winds and their associated waves, but only in the DJF and MAM seasons. However, during the JJA season, this situation is reversed with the highest values occurring during El Niño and low values appearing during La Niña. Toward the east around the Guajira region, this general pattern is shown to change significantly. For extreme conditions, the results show a significant influence of extreme events toward the northwest, around La Guajira and the insular zones of San Andres and Providence when compared with other regions along the coast. All of these results (including the synthetic wave series) provide a design and management tool for the successful implementation of any coastal project (scientific or consulting) in Colombia.     

黔北大竹园地区铝土矿含矿岩系沉积环境及形成机制

黔北大竹园地区铝土矿含矿岩系的岩石地层为上石炭统大竹园组,是在晚石炭世马平期渝鄂海湾南西侧近海湖泊群中的濯水湖沉积形成的。大竹园组下段沉积时期,距渝鄂海湾的海岸线较近,濯水湖面积较大(约480 km~2),水位较高,属永久性低能浅水湖泊,以化学沉积作用为主,沉积了大面积的绿泥石岩、绿泥石黏土岩、铁质黏土岩以及少量鲕绿泥石铁矿和赤铁矿。大竹园组上段沉积时期,与渝鄂海湾海岸线间距拉大,湖水变浅,面积缩小(约288km~2),成为间歇性洪控高能浅水湖泊,以物理沉积作用为主,沉积了分布连续、面积巨大的碎屑状铝土矿(岩)体。