Stress-strain behaviour of reconstituted illitic clay at different temperatures

Tests on specimens of reconstituted illitic clay have examined the influence of temperature on the mechanical behaviour of clay soils. The program involved consolidation to effective confining pressures up to 1.5 MPa, heating to 100°C, and tests on normally consolidated and overconsolidated specimens with OCR = 2. The tests included isotropic consolidation, undrained triaxial compression with pore water pressure measurement, drained tests along controlled stress paths to investigate yielding behaviour, and undrained tests which involved heating and measurement of the resulting induced pore water pressures. The large strain strength envelope is independent of temperature. However, peak undrained strengths increase with temperature because smaller pore water pressures are generated during shearing. An important contribution from the study is a series of results for the yielding of illitic clay at three different temperatures. For the first time, there is clear evidence of yield loci decreasing in size with increasing temperature. An associated flow rule can be assumed without serious error. The results contribute to the confirmation of a thermal elastic-plastic soil model developed by the authors from cam clay following the addition of a small number of extra assumptions. Depending on the initial stress state, heating under undrained conditions may produce shear failure.     

西北四省区不同季节降水,气温异常的时空分布与干旱的关系

利用西北四省区７３个台站１９６０～１９９０年逐月降水量和平均气温的距平资料，采用综合的经验正交函数（ＥＯＦ）分析方法，对西北四省区春（３～５月份）、夏（６～８月份）、秋（９～１１月份）３个季节降水、气温异常的时空分布特征进行了诊断研究，得到了几种降水和气温异常的典型配置及其反映这些典型场的年际演变规律的时间系数，并在此基础上进一步分析了降水、气温异常的时变特征以及与西北四省区出现较严重干旱年份之间的关系。结果表明，西北四省区不同区域发生较严重干旱的年份与某些时间系数出现极值的年份存在很好的对应关系。     

Azimuth dependent wave amplification in alluvial valleys

An extension of the indirect boundary element method (IBEM) to three-dimensional scattering by two-dimensional alluvial valleys is presented. While the valley is two-dimensional, the incident plane waves can arrive outside the 2D plane so the scattering is three-dimensional with coupling of P---SV---SH waves. Such a method makes it possible to take earthquake location into account in the estimation of site effects in alluvial valleys. The method is validated by transparency tests, by comparison with 2D simulations, and by comparison with results of other authors. The advantage of the method is that is combines high accuracy with cost-efficiency in terms of computer-time. It is applied to theoretically estimate site effects across a simplified model of an alluvial valley in the French Alps where azimuth dependence of local amplification has been observed. A parametric study with simulations for a range of azimuths and incidence angles shows that (1) the local amplification depends strongly on both azimuth and incidence of the incoming waves, (2) the global pattern of amplification across the valley is very complex for all azimuths, and (3) it is not possible to predict the 3D response of the valley from 2D modeling. Theoretical spectral ratios are in approximate agreement with observed ones for a station in the center of the valley where the local structure justifies use of a simplified model for the comparison.     

非均匀站网EOFs展开的失真性及其修正

从理论上证明，非均匀站网ＥＯＦｓ展开有不同程度的失真。在同等条件下，均匀站网与非均匀站网ＥＯＦｓ展开结果有明显差异．提出了一种附加面积权重的修正方案用以弥补非均匀站网ＥＯＦｓ展开的失真现象。实例计算表明，中国气温场（１６０站）经修正ＥＯＦｓ展开后，其气温变化主分量趋势与特征能更加客观地揭示中国地区增暖效应的局地差异。     

中国降水和温度对ENSO响应的特征

该文采用一种较为客观、定量的分析方法，对1951～1990年逐月降水和温度分别转换成Gamma分布和正态分布的百分位数，对10次ENSO事件中各站的降水和温度进行合成。然后计算合成后的第一谐波的振幅和波峰位相，以确定降水和温度对ENSO的响应区域和各响应区域的响应时段，得到了18个降水响应区和7个温度响应区，确定出35个降水响应时段和9个温度响应时段。其中，降水响应最明显的区域在华北区和长江中下游及江南区。温度响应最明显的区域是东北中北部地区。     

Spatial dependencies in wind-related housing damage

This article examines the spatial dependence among housing losses due to tornadoes using data from the May 1999 Oklahoma City tornado. In order to examine the existence of spatial dependence and its impacts on the damage analysis, we compare an estimation based on a traditional ordinary least square model with the general spatial model. The results show that housing damage in this disaster area is highly correlated. Monetary losses not only depend on the tornado that struck residences, but are related to the damage magnitudes of neighboring houses. Average losses as well as the loss ratio increase with the Fujita Scale damage rating. We conclude that the general spatial model provides unbiased estimates compared to the ordinary least square model. In order to construct appropriate home insurance policies for tornado disasters or to improve the damage resistance capabilities of houses, it is necessary for insurance underwriters and builders to consider spatial correlation of tornado damage.

Precise temperature monitoring in boreholes: evidence for oscillatory convection? Part 1: Experiments and field data

Temperature was monitored in two boreholes in Kamchatka (Russia) in years 2001–2003. Ten-min reading (sampling) interval was selected for the first half-year run followed by shorter (12 days) experiment with 5-s reading interval. A similar experiment was repeated later in the test borehole Sporilov (Prague, Czech Republic), where four temperature–time series were performed with reading intervals varying from 1 to 20 s. All temperature–time series (except the record from the bottom of the hole) displayed intermittent, non-periodic oscillations of temperature of up to several hundredths of degree with sharp gradients and large fluctuations over all observed time intervals. No such oscillation was detected at the bottom of the hole. The spectral analysis revealed a high level of stochasticity in the measured signal. Calculated spectra showed “band-pass” behavior without any definite peaks, which might characterize certain periodicity. Local growth of the second moment technique revealed the presence of at least two distinct temperature-forming processes. One of them can be related to heat transfer in the structurally and compositionally complex subsurface. The second process, which presents the bulk of the measured signal, probably reflects certain intra-hole convection. We hypothesized that the oscillatory regime of such convection is responsible for the stochastic nature of measured temperatures. Results of numerical modeling describing the fluctuation of water-cells in a vertical slot support the idea of thermally unstable water column in a hole, the instability of which produces a complex oscillation system. Model solutions and their discussion is presented in Part II of this work.     

Regional and local geothermal conditions in the northern Black Sea

More than 100 new heat flow measurements have been collected in recent years (2002–2004) in different tectonic environments of the northern Black Sea. The northern periphery of the Black Sea is characterized by strong geodynamic and seismic activity, high sedimentation rates, diapiric structures, mud volcanism, and fluid and gas escape at the sea floor. We present new thermal data from the shelf, continental slope and deep-water basin, measured off-shore using a marine thermo-probe and on-shore in drill holes. Heat flow density ranges from 20 to more than 2,000 mW/m². For two local areas (the Dnieper gas seeps and the Dvurechenski mud volcano area), we discuss the relation between heat flow variability and the geological and physical processes in the near-bottom sediment layer. The Dnieper gas seeps area is characterized by strong small-scale heat flow variability and is controlled by fluid and gas migration. In the Dvurechenski active mud volcano, the near-bottom temperature in sediments is anomalously elevated because additional heat is carried out by mass flows of fluids and clay minerals. Away from the mud volcano heat flow quickly decreases to background values.     

效率演化视角下吉林省松花江流域产业系统环境适应性研究

基于效率演化视角与适应性分析范式,综合采用投入导向生产规模报酬可变的VRS模型,对吉林省松花江流域产业系统环境适应性时空分异特征与影响因素进行了研究,结果发现松花江流域产业系统：① 现状格局特征分析反映出吉林省松花江流域各县市尚处于规模扩张与总量增长阶段,仍有众多县市尚未达到最优规模阶段,在未来一段时间内,规模集聚仍是产业或经济发展的主流;② 时序演化特征分析反映出吉林省松花江流域产业生态化发展迟缓,产业规模扩张仍是效率提升的关键所在,科学技术尚未发挥出其应有作用;③ 空间分异特征分析,综合效率与规模效率较高的县市不断向流域中上游地区聚集,纯技术效率主要集中于中下游地区,综合效率的提升主要由于规模效率的增加,纯技术效率对其作用不明显;④ 区位条件、路径依赖效应、经济发展水平以及科学技术因素是影响吉林省松花江流域产业系统环境适应性的重要因素。     

2013—2018年大连中心城区臭氧时空变化及其影响因子分析

基于2013—2018年大连中心城区O_(3)监测数据和气象数据,分析了该区O_(3)污染时空变化特征及气象要素对O_(3)污染的影响。结果表明:2013—2018年大连中心城区O_(3)已经逐渐成为最主要的大气污染物之一。O_(3)年平均浓度由2013年的66.66μg·m^(-3)上升至2018年的101.62μg·m^(-3)。秋季和夏季是大连O_(3)浓度较高的季节,其次是冬季和春季。O_(3)最高浓度月份主要为5月、6月及9月。O_(3)浓度日变化呈明显的单峰状,从上午08时开始增加,在下午14—16时达到最高,白天浓度高于夜晚。O_(3)污染物在2013—2017年从大连中心城区的西南向东北扩散。大连中心城区O_(3)与其他5种大气污染物均存在不同程度的负相关,与气温呈显著正相关,与相对湿度、气压及风速相关性较差。有利于大连O_(3)污染天气的气象条件主要为高气温(>30℃)、低湿度(≤80%)、低风速(1.5—2.0 m·s^(-1))、北风风向和长日照时间。高污染日的出现可能是受高温天气与本地逐渐增加的排放物共同影响。