PSO-PSR-ELM集成学习算法在地面气温观测资料质量控制中的应用

针对台站密度低、新建台站以及特种单要素站等无法获得有效邻站或内部参考资料情况下的质量控制问题,从气温时间序列的混沌特性出发,考虑气温在短时间内的连续性和稳定性,提出一种基于粒子群(Particle Swarm Optimization,PSO)改进的相空间重构法(Phase Space Reconstruction,PSR)和极限学习机(Extreme Learning Machine,ELM)的集成学习算法的地面逐时气温观测资料的单站质量控制方法,实现气温资料的质量控制。为检验该方法的适用性,运用该方法对江苏省八市2007~2009年的地面气温观测资料进行质量控制,并与传统单站方法及切比雪夫多项式内插法(Tshebyshev Polynomial Interpolation,TPI)进行对比。实验结果表明,该方法相比较于TPI和传统方法可以更有效地标记出可疑数据,具有检错率高、地区和气候适应性、可控性强等优点。     

Simultaneous measurements of the two-dimensional distribution of infrared laser intensity and temperature in a single-sided laser-heated diamond anvil cell

In this report, we demonstrate that combining the laser heating system in a diamond anvil cell (LH-DAC) with a tandem acoustic-optical tunable filter (LH-DAC–TAOTF) allows for the simultaneous measurement of (a) the relative infrared (IR, 1070 nm) power distribution on a specimen surface in the DAC; (b) the temperature distribution under laser heating of a specimen under high-pressure in a DAC; it also (c) provides an opportunity to control the shape of the IR laser spot on the surface of the heated specimen. The effect of the π-shaper on the shape and the position of the focus of the IR laser beam on a specimen using a TAOTF is also presented. For a 10× long-working distance objective, the smallest diameter of the IR laser was found to be around 10 μm, when the focal plane coincides with that of the imaging optical system of LH-DAC. The highest diameter of the IR laser was shown to be 20 μm when the rim of the π-shaper was set at 3 μm. It is demonstrated also that the TAOFT not only permits to measure the two-dimensional (2-D) distribution of the IR laser power, but also allows for the alignment of the laser before each heating event at different pressures.     

A study of the relationship between low—Level jet and inversion layer over an agroforest ecosystem in east china plain

The relationship between the super-low-level jet (LLJ) and inversion layer over an agroforest ecosystem on the Huang-Huai-Hai plain in the eastern China is studied by means of a time-independent K-closure model. It is found that the intensified inversion near the surface of a luxuriantly growing agrofor-est ecosystem leads to the formation and development of the LLJ, the more intense the inversion, the strong-er is the LLJ. The critical value of inversion intensity index for the LLJ formation is 0.75℃/ 100 m, which relates to the necessary geostraphic wind velocity of 6.0 to 10 m/ s at the top level of the model The numer-ical calculations show that the roughness length of the underlying surface has considerable effects on the LLJ structure.     

温度、盐度对马氏珠母贝外套膜Hsp70基因表达量的联合影响

设定温度范围16～40°C,盐度范围10～50,采用复合设计和响应曲面分析法在实验室条件下研究不同温度、盐度对马氏珠母贝(P.fucata)外套膜Hsp70基因表达量的综合效应并建立模型。采用方差分析(ANOVA)、决定系数等对实验所得回归方程模型进行显著性及拟合度检验。结果表明,温度的一次、二次效应对马氏珠母贝外套膜Hsp70基因表达量影响显著(p值<0.05);盐度的一次效应对马氏珠母贝外套膜Hsp70基因表达量无显著影响(p值>0.05),二次效应对马氏珠母贝外套膜Hsp70基因表达量影响极显著(p值<0.05);温度、盐度之间的互作效应对马氏珠母贝外套膜Hsp70基因表达量无显著影响(p值>0.05)且温度的效应大于盐度的效应。经响应曲面分析法和优化,得到马氏珠母贝外套膜Hsp70基因表达量在适宜的温度、盐度范围内呈峰值变化,在温度26.85°C、盐度29.39时,马氏珠母贝外套膜Hsp70基因表达量达到最小值0.95,满意度达到99.36%。建立了马氏珠母贝外套膜Hsp70基因表达量模型方程,其决定系数98.69%,矫正决定系数97.38%,预测决定系数91.42%,模型的拟合度极高,可用于预测马氏珠母贝外套膜Hsp70基因表达量。     

Temperature extremes reduce seagrass growth and induce mortality

Extreme heating (up to 43 °C measured from five-year temperature records) occurs in shallow coastal seagrass meadows of the Great Barrier Reef at low tide. We measured effective quantum yield (_?PSII${?}_{\text{PSII}}$), growth, senescence and mortality in four tropical seagrasses to experimental short-duration (2.5 h) spikes in water temperature to 35 °C, 40 °C and 43 °C, for 6 days followed by one day at ambient temperature. Increasing temperature to 35 °C had positive effects on _?PSII${?}_{\text{PSII}}$ (the magnitude varied between days and was highly correlated with PPFD), with no effects on growth or mortality. 40 °C represented a critical threshold as there were strong species differences and there was a large impact on growth and mortality. At 43 °C there was complete mortality after 2–3 days. These findings indicate that increasing duration (more days in a row) of thermal events above 40 °C is likely to affect the ecological function of tropical seagrass meadows.     

Recent trends of extreme temperature indices for the Iberian Peninsula

Climate change and extreme climate events have a significant impact on societies and ecosystems. As a result, climate change projections, especially related with extreme temperature events, have gained increasing importance due to their impacts on the well-being of the population and ecosystems. However, most studies in the field are based on coarse global climate models (GCMs). In this study, we perform a high resolution downscaling simulation to evaluate recent trends of extreme temperature indices. The model used was Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) forced by MPI-ESM-LR, which has been shown to be one of the more robust models to simulate European climate. The domain used in the simulations includes the Iberian Peninsula and the simulation covers the 1986–2005 period (i.e. recent past). In order to study extreme temperature events, trends were computed using the Theil-Sen method for a set of temperature indexes defined by the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI). For this, daily values of minimum and maximum temperatures were used. The trends of the indexes were computed for annual and seasonal values and the Mann-Kendall Trend test was used to evaluate their statistical significance. In order to validate the results, a second simulation, in which WRF was forced by ERA-Interim, was performed. The results suggest an increase in the number of warm days and warm nights, especially during summer and negative trends for cold nights and cold days for the summer and spring. For the winter, contrary to the expected, the results suggest an increase in cold days and cold nights (warming hiatus). This behavior is supported by the WRF simulation forced by ERA-Interim for the autumn days, pointing to an extension of the warming hiatus phenomenon to the remaining seasons. These results should be used with caution since the period used to calculate the trends may not be long enough for this purpose. However, the general sign of trends are similar for both simulations despite some differences in their magnitudes.     

Thermal profiles within river beds

This pilot study uses a chemical technique (KEtX) to establish vertical profiles of average monthly water temperature within river beds: the hyporheic zone at the interface between surface water and groundwater. Data are presented for two gravel-bed sites and one sand-bed site on the River Wissey, Norfolk, UK. From February to October 1992, average monthly temperatures were determined at 10cm intervals down 1 m profiles. A strong seasonal pattern was defined at all sites with hyporheic temperatures being relatively warm in winter and cool in summer. Isothermal periods occurred in March-April and September-October. Temperature ranges within the hyporheic were decreased (4.6–7.7°C) compared with those of surface waters (10 and 10.9°C). Temperature profiles were similar at all sites during winter, but the sand-bed site had relatively low temperatures at a standard depth within the hyporheic during summer and the temperature gradient became isothermal later in the autumn at this site. It is suggested that the influence of flows and substratum characteristics on temperature patterns, especially in regulated rivers, may have significant ecological implications, for example for determining the timing of salmonid fry and invertebrate emergence.     

Evaluation of Horner plot-corrected log-derived temperatures in the Danish Central Graben,North Sea

A small dataset comprising all temperature available data from reliable Horner plots from the Danish Central Graben was examined. Temperatures obtained by extrapolation using standard Horner plots were determined to be lower than true formation temperatures, as interpreted from DST data. Excellent agreement between true formation temperatures and Horner plot temperatures was achieved when the Horner plot temperatures (T_HP) were corrected upward by an amount proportional to the slope (A) of the Horner plot using the equation where the temperatures and the slope are in degrees Celsius. The standard deviation of the error in the corrected Horner plot temperatures was 2.1°C, indicating that this method is consistent. Further studies using larger numbers of Horner plots from a variety of geographic areas should be carried out to test and refine the hypotheses presented here. Efforts also should be made to understand the causes of variability in slopes of Horner plots.     

山区小地形对温湿度影响的确定

本文提出一种用野外考察资料和气象哨资料定量地计算山区小地形对温湿度影响的方法。该方法在福建和云南等省山区使用,效果较好。