Reservoir geochemistry of the Tazhong Oilfield in the Tarim Basin, China, Part II. Migration, accumulation and mixing of crude oils

Measurements of the absolute and relative concentrations of nitrogen-containing compounds in crude oils from different reservoir strata (Ordovician, Silurian and Carboniferous) in the Tazhong region of the Tarim Basin, Xinjiang, China, showed that even though there are quite a number of factors affecting the distributional and compositional characteristics of neutral nitrogen-containing compounds in crude oils, the distributional and compositional characteristics of crude oils whose source conditions are approximate to one another are influenced mainly by the migration and fractionation effects in the process of formation of oil reservoirs. In addition, crude oils in the Tazhong region show obvious migration-fractionation effects in the vertical direction. Carboniferous crude oils are characterized by high migration parameters and low compound concentrations, just in contrast to Ordovician crude oils. This indicates that crude oils from shallow-level oil reservoirs were derived from those of deep-level oil reservoirs via faults, unconformable contact or carrier beds. Crude oils from the Tazhong region show some migration-fractionation effects in the lateral direction, but mixing of crude oils derived from different hydrocarbon source rocks in the process of formation of oil reservoirs made it more complicated the migration and accumulation of crude oils, as well as the formation of oil reservoirs.     

塔里木盆地塔中地区奥陶系构造－沉积模式与碳酸盐岩裂缝储层预测

奥陶系碳酸盐岩是塔中地区油气勘探的重要目的层。本文在讨论塔中地区奥陶纪区域构造背景和奥陶系岩性段划分的基础上,建立了塔中地区奥陶系构造－沉积模式,并用三维有限元数值模拟方法对塔中地区有利碳酸盐岩裂缝储层发育区进行了预测,以期指导塔中地区碳酸盐岩的油气勘探。     

应用定量颗粒荧光技术研究塔中地区志留系古油藏分布特征

引进定量颗粒荧光技术,研究了塔里木盆地塔中隆起志留系的油藏分布特征,着重探讨了古油藏叠合连片分布的可能性。结果表明,塔中地区的志留系在晚期成藏过程中没有形成过叠合连片的大规模的可动油气藏,而只在局部构造上形成规模较小的、独立的油气藏。塔中4和塔中17井柯坪塔格组上一亚段在地质时期都曾成过藏,但均遭破坏;塔中117井柯坪塔格组上三亚段和塔中31 井柯坪塔格组上一亚段仅在后期充注过程中有油气聚集成藏;塔参1井在第一期油气充注过程中曾形成过较大的古油藏,而晚期充注过程中则未聚集成藏。研究还表明,志留系储层是好的输导层,地质时期中有烃类运移通过。中央断垒带为油气运移、聚集的主要路径和有利场所,在下一步的志留系勘探中应给予高度重视。     

塔里木盆地塔中低凸起奥陶纪油气成藏体系

国外含油气系统的概念和方法在国内的含油气盆地研究中的应用存在着局限, 应用油气成藏体系的理论方法对塔中低凸起奥陶系油气成藏过程进行了分析.塔中低凸起奥陶纪油气成藏体系的源岩为寒武系及下奥陶统烃源岩; 满加尔坳陷中的砂体和不整合面是油气侧向运移的输导体, 同时深部断裂是油气垂向运移的输导体; 圈闭类型主要为古隆起背景上的地层型圈闭和构造型圈闭.塔中Ⅰ号断裂构造带是最为有利的油气聚集区, 塔中北坡次之, 中央断垒带最差.塔中Ⅰ号断裂带依然是下一步勘探的重中之重.      

塔中原油超高二苯并噻吩硫特征及其控制因素

塔中相当部分原油具有高丰度芳香硫——二苯并噻吩(DBTs)特征,其在原油中的绝对丰度高达26 859μg/g,在芳烃中的相对丰度高达58.2%,主要分布在塔中I号构造带下奥陶统、塔中4(TZ4)和塔中1-6(TZ1-6)井区。采用综合地球化学研究途径,对该区原油的高DBTs特征及其主控因素进行初步探讨。分析表明,研究区母源岩较强地控制DBTs的丰度,纯泥岩、页岩中DBTs丰度不高,灰岩、云岩等烃源岩DBTs丰度偏高或超高;观察到在正常油窗范围内,烃源岩和相关原油随成熟度增加DBTs丰度增加,而塔中型高-过熟原油中DBTs丰度有先增加后减小的趋势,表明热成熟作用对该化合物有较强的控制作用;发现生物降解、水洗可使原油中DBTs丰度降低,但对塔中原油中DBTs影响较小;观测到塔中相当部分原油的DBTs含量与硫酸盐热化学还原作用——TSR的作用产物H2S、硫醇、长链烷基四氢噻烷有一定正相关性。对比研究认为,有多种因素控制塔中原油中DBTs丰度与分布,热成熟作用、TSR是导致塔中下奥陶统部分原油高DBTs特征的重要原因,前者可能是主要因素,特殊母源岩因素相对较少,尽管尚不能排除。TZ4井区等石炭系高DBTs原油主要来自深部地层,与下奥陶统抑或更深层高DBTS原油的混入有关。本研究对于该区深层油气勘探具有重要意义。     

叠合型不整合结构与油气分布样式：以塔中石炭系东河砂岩为例

探讨了东河砂岩三级层序界面处发育的不整合结构在空间上有序分布所造成油气的差异运聚。将东河砂岩划分为底部不整合上覆层、原状输导层、风化残余层、风化黏土层、顶部不整合上覆层和区域盖层6类成藏结构单元。成藏结构单元在塔中西北地区和塔中东南地区组成不同,构成两类7种不整合成藏结构样式。两类成藏结构样式分别对应两类的油气藏组合:(1)在塔中地区西北部成藏结构单元被分隔,油气沿东河砂岩段顶部风化黏土层及盖层底部发生运移,形成不整合遮挡型油气藏组合,包括不整合上覆层背斜油气藏、不整合上覆层岩性油气藏和风化残余层低幅背斜油气藏3种油气藏;(2)在东南地区成藏结构单元之间发生连通,油气底部不整合上覆层和盖层底部向隆起部位侧向输导,形成不整合连通型油气藏组合,包括连通型背斜油气藏和连通型地层超覆油气藏2种油气藏。这为东河砂岩的进一步勘探开发提供了指导。     

塔中奥陶系储层硫化氢成因及主控因素

塔中奥陶系储层内硫化氢广泛分布,由于其剧毒、易溶于油水中、腐蚀性强,给勘探开发工作带来一定难度。为了弄清奥陶系储层的硫化氢成因及分布规律,在分析现有关储层中H₂S来源研究成果的基础上,结合塔中地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩中的矿物组分、H₂S及其硫碳同位素分析来探讨其H₂S原因。结果表明：三期方解石交代硫酸盐矿物,且硫酸盐未被TSR还原;奥陶系内硫化氢硫同位素普遍比寒武系内硫化氢硫同位素低;奥陶系内硫化氢硫同位素和地层水硫酸根硫同位素具有伴生关系,TSR发生在烃水过渡带;TSR反应物与硫化氢含量无相关关系,并出现了沥青质碳同位素值的负偏;甲烷碳同位素值与硫化氢含量无相关关系,甲烷并未参与TSR。奥陶系与寒武系内硫化氢为不同阶段各自的产物;硫化氢生成时期为奥陶系良里塔格组（O₃l）和鹰山组（O_1-2y）内TSR发生在晚燕山期-喜山期,寒武系内TSR发生在晚海西期和晚燕山期-喜山期。总体上,奥陶系内硫化氢为原地TSR成因,受控于走滑断裂注入寒武系高矿化度、富镁地层水和油气,以及沿I号断裂运移的贫硫化氢干气稀释作用。     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987112001521

The Tarim Basin is a representative example of the basins developed in the northwest China that are characterized by multiple stages of heating and cooling.In order to better understand its complex thermal history,apatite fission track （AFT） thermochronology was applied to borehole samples from the Tazhong Uplift Zone （TUZ）.Twelve sedimentary samples of Silurian to Triassic depositional ages were analyzed from depths coinciding with the apatite partial annealing zone （～60-120 ℃）.The AFT ages,ranging from 132 ± 7 Ma （from a Triassic sample） to 25 ± 2 Ma （from a Carboniferous sample）,are clearly younger than their depositional ages and demonstrate a total resetting of the AFT thermometer after deposition.The AFT ages vary among different tectonic belts and decrease from the No.Ten Faulted Zone （133-105 Ma） in the northwest,the Central Horst Zone in the middle （108-37 Ma）,to the East Buried Hill Zone in the south （51 25 Ma）.Given the low magnitude of post-Triassic burial heating evidenced by low vitrinite reflectance values （Ro ＜ 0.7％）,the total resetting of the AFT system is speculated to result from the hot fluid flow along the faults.Thermal effects along the faults are well documented by younger AFT ages and unimodal single grain age distributions in the vicinity of the faults.Permian-early Triassic basaltic volcanism may be responsible for the early Triassic total annealing of those samples lacking connectivity with the fault.The above arguments are supported by thermal modeling results.     

塔中地区与热液有关白云岩的形成机理探讨

与热液有关白云岩以晶体粗大为特征,较易形成物性良好的油气储集体。塔中地区寒武系-下奥陶统发育大量深层白云岩,以粉-细晶白云岩为主,局部可见中-粗晶白云岩。该中-粗晶白云岩流体包裹体均一温度经压力校正主要集中在173~199℃,比该层位最大埋藏温度(约160℃)高10~40℃,故认为其形成与热液活动有关。镜下观察两种类型的白云岩存在渐变过渡现象和碳氧同位素值的部分重叠,说明中-粗晶白云岩可能由粉-细晶白云岩在热液作用下重结晶而来。进一步结合其流体包裹体盐度(为正常海水盐度的3~5倍)和富87Sr、贫13C的特征认为,其成岩流体可能为岩浆热液经过下寒武统富87Sr、贫13C泥页岩质烃源岩的改造,并向上运移与中寒武统膏岩层孔隙间浓缩海水混合而形成的混合性流体。前者为其提供热量,后者可增加其盐度,遍布区内的深大断裂体系为其提供了运移通道。