福建武夷山国家级自然保护区生态补偿机制研究

建立有效的生态补偿机制是自然保护区取得资源环境保护和社区社会经济发展的关键。利用文献调研法、问卷调查法、访谈法、利益相关者分析法、机会成本法和意愿调查法等,分析福建武夷山国家级自然保护区生态保护对社区的影响,从补偿主体、客体、标准、方式和途径等方面探讨福建武夷山国家级自然保护区生态补偿机制。研究结果表明,福建武夷山国家级自然保护区大部分社区居民对保护区的建立持赞同态度,这种态度受被调查者的教育程度、年龄和性别的影响;自然保护区的建立限制了社区社会经济的发展,使大多数社区居民收入减少,而社区居民没有得到相应的补偿;社区居民面临着资金不足、补偿措施不到位和缺乏致富技术等问题;确定了基于利益相关者分析和意愿调查的福建武夷山国家级自然保护区生态补偿的主体和客体;依据发展权限制的损失(包括退耕还林的机会成本、野生动物破坏造成的损失)、社区居民受偿意愿和受益者的支付意愿,制定了生态补偿的标准,明确了生态补偿的方式和途径。     

天山北麓流域面积高度积分特征及其构造意义

提取了天山北麓河流水系流域的常规地貌计量指标（盆地大小、面积和高差）以及面积高度积分,通过对流域面积高度积分曲线形态特征、面积高度积分值的分析,结合区域地质构造活动,探讨了面积高度积分对板内再生造山带新构造活动的指示意义以及天山北麓流域的地貌发育过程。研究表明,北天山流域的次集水盆地面积高度积分与次集水盆地的面积和高差都没有相关性,堆积作用和轻微构造抬升作用都会影响冲积扇区次集水盆地,使其面积高度积分值偏高。河流面积高度积分曲线形态和面积高度积分值在空间分布上的差异,反映了天山北麓3排逆断裂褶皱带的不同的构造活动特征。面积高度积分曲线的循环形态特征,揭示了强烈构造运动与河流剥蚀作用影响面积高度曲线形态发育的动态演绎过程。     

辽宁桓龙湖山地冰葡萄威代尔种植的气候适宜性分析

根据中国地面气候资料日值数据,结合实地调研、观测和数据处理结果,认为辽宁桓龙湖山地因其独特的地理条件形成了适宜冰葡萄种植的特殊的冷湿区域小气候,基本上符合了冰葡萄生长所需的条件．桓龙湖山地年平均气温、年平均降水、每年稳定低于-8℃的起始日期及持续天数、以-2℃作为冰葡萄威代尔（Vidal）无霜冻期的标志性温度条件的无霜冻期、≥10℃活动积温、桓龙湖山地7、8、9月份3个月的月均温总和、最热月（7月或8月）月均温以及各月气候指标极值的变化均符合冰葡萄威代尔的生长指标并适合广泛种植．     

天山南、北坡河流出山径流对气候变化的敏感性分析——以开都河与乌鲁木齐河出山径流为例

选取开都河与乌鲁木齐河山区流域为研究区域,利用有关水文气象台站1960-2005年的观测资料,对研究区域的气温、降水与出山径流的变化特征及趋势进行了分析,并根据研究区域气候变化的特征与趋势及出山径流与山区降水、气温之间的关系,假定不同的气候情景组合,建立山区径流对气候变化的响应模型,以揭示天山南、北坡河流出山径流对气候变化的响应及其差异.结果表明,开都河与乌鲁木齐河山区径流与气温、降水量均呈正相关关系,受山区降水、气温持续增加和上升的影响,出山径流总体呈上升趋势,1990年代以后的升幅尤为显著;相对而言,乌鲁木齐河山区径流对降水变化更为敏感,而开都河出山径流对气温变化的敏感性略甚于气温.     

1900-2007年横断山区部分海洋型冰川变化

横断山区7条海洋型冰川近百年进退速度变化呈现出以退缩为总趋势的阶段性变化,具体表现为20世纪初至1930s的冰川稳定,1930s-1960s的冰川后退,1970s-1980s的冰川稳定或减速后退,20世纪80年代中期以来的冰川后退,这与我国、北半球及横断山区同期的气候变化呈明显对应,展现出冷干阶段冰川稳定或前进、暖湿阶段后退的态势,但各冰川的变化幅度因纬度位置、坡向、冰川规模、局地环境等而存在明显差异.1982/83年大、小贡巴冰川、海螺沟冰川冰舌段的消融水当量分别为2710mm、3139 mm和5281 mm,1990/91-97/98期间海螺沟冰川冰舌段的年均消融水当量为6157 mm,比1982/83年增加了876 mm.2002年夏季白水1号冰川的积雪消融量由于表碛覆盖较少表现出明显的随海拔升高而降低的特征,平均消融水当量为1086.25 mm,2008.9-19.10.13期间白水1号冰川物质平衡花竿的观测表明,花竿布设区域10月6号左右转入物质积累期.期间日均积累深为1cm,折合水当量5mm.     

Rapid incision of the Colorado River in Glen Canyon – insights from channel profiles,local incision rates,and modeling of lithologic controls

The Colorado River system in southern Utah and northern Arizona is continuing to adjust to the baselevel fall responsible for the carving of the Grand Canyon. Estimates of bedrock incision rates in this area vary widely, hinting at the transient state of the Colorado and its tributaries. In conjunction with these data, we use longitudinal profiles of the Colorado and tributaries between Marble Canyon and Cataract Canyon to investigate the incision history of the Colorado in this region. We find that almost all of the tributaries in this region steepen as they enter the Colorado River. The consistent presence of oversteepened reaches with similar elevation drops in the lower section of these channels, and their coincidence within a corridor of high local relief along the Colorado, suggest that the tributaries are steepening in response to an episode of increased incision rate on the mainstem. This analysis makes testable predictions about spatial variations in incision rates; these predictions are consistent with existing rate estimates and can be used to guide further studies. We also present cosmogenic nuclide data from the Henry Mountains of southern Utah. We measured in situ ¹⁰Be concentrations on four gravel‐covered strath surfaces elevated from 1 m to 110 m above Trachyte Creek. The surfaces yield exposure ages that range from approximately 2·5 ka to 267 ka and suggest incision rates that vary between 350 and 600 m/my. These incision rates are similar to other rates determined within the high‐relief corridor. Available data thus support the interpretation that tributaries of the Colorado River upstream of the Grand Canyon are responding to a recent pulse of rapid incision on the Colorado. Numerical modeling of detachment‐limited bedrock incision suggests that this incision pulse is likely related to the upstream‐dipping lithologic boundary at the northern edge of the Kaibab upwarp. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Geomorphic Evidence of Ancient Catastrophic Flow Type Landslides in the Mid-mountain Ridges of the Western Flysch Carpathian Mountains

Ancient flow type landslides are relatively frequent fossil forms of the relief in mid-mountain conditions of the Czech Carpathian Mountains.Sixty rather distinctive displays of debris flows,rock avalanches,and debris avalanches have been mapped in the uppermost part of the territory.Unlike contemporary sporadic and low volume debris flows,ancient (Pleistocene and Lower Holocene) accumulations are a few orders of magnitude more extensive and were of considerable geomorphologic significance in forming the steep sections of mountain valleys and slopes.This geomorphic pattern does not hold for flow type slides,the source of which is material released as a consequence of numerous deep-seated landslides.Due to deep disruption of slopes,a few high-magnitude flow type landslides (e.g.,rock avalanches),quite rare in flysch mid-mountain conditions,also occurred in the Late Holocene.     

Climate changes in East China since the Late-glacial inferred from high-resolution mountain peat humification records

High-resolution peat humification records were obtained from Dajiuhu of the Shennongjia Mountains and Qianmutian of the Tianmu Mountains to study climate changes in East China. The analyses of pollen, organic matters, TOC, and Rb/Sr indicate a high degree of peat humification and thus strong decomposition of organic matter when climate was dry. Conversely, when climate was humid, the degree of humification is low because peat was preserved in a waterlogged condition. Peat humification from Dajiuhu occurred not only during the Younger Dryas (about 11.4–12.6 cal ka BP), the Bølling-Allerød Warm Period (12.6–15.2 cal ka BP), and the Oldest Dryas (about 15.2–16.0 cal ka BP), but also during the early Holocene (about 11.4–9.4 cal ka BP), the 8.2 cal ka BP cold event, and the Holocene Optimum (about 7.0–4.2 cal ka BP). Both peat humification records since nearly 5 ka BP are consistent, showing that mountain peatland has synchronous responses to the East Asia monsoon-induced precipitation. The LOI data confirm the above observation. The monsoon precipitation since nearly 5 ka BP recorded in these two peat profiles can be divided into three phases. During 4.9–3.5 ka BP, precipitation amount was high but fluctuated greatly. During 3.5–0.9 ka BP, precipitation amount was low. During 0.9–0 ka BP, degree of humification reduced gradually, indicating the increase of monsoon precipitation. Contrast to other high-resolution records from East China monsoon region shows that the monsoon precipitation records of the two peat profiles since nearly 16 ka BP are controlled by a common forcing mechanism of summer solar radicalization in the Northern Hemisphere.     

2013年岷县漳县MS6.6地震前后南北地震带北段面波速度变化特征

基于南北地震带北段94个固定地震台站2013年1-9月的连续波形资料,利用背景噪声方法和层析成像技术反演该地区在2013年7月22日甘肃岷县漳县M_S6.6地震前后不同时间段、两个月相同时间窗长的瑞利面波速度结构与波速演化。相速度成像结果表明:岷县漳县地震前5-6月相对于3-4月,临潭-宕昌断裂带及周边地区出现了波速降低的现象,而震后8-9月相对于5-6月波速逐渐恢复升高,这说明在岷县漳县地震前两个月出现了波速低值异常,并且在低速异常区域的边界处发生了此次地震。     

新疆北天山泥火山固体喷出物特征及成因机制初探

北天山泥火山位于新疆天山北麓山前拗陷带内,均处在背斜褶皱的轴部。在了解泥火山的地质背景、活动现状的基础上,对该区泥火山进行了详细的野外考察,对所采样品进行粒度、显微形貌及成分分析。研究发现:该区域的泥火山样品粒径主要集中在0.3~100μm,平均值相近,分选较差,分布对称性呈极正偏。矿物颗粒以石英、长石为主,基质为黏土矿物,白杨沟和艾其沟样品中均含有铁矿物质。根据上述分析结果对北天山泥火山成因机制进行了初步探讨,认为该区域的泥火山物源相同,泥浆最深来源于下中侏罗统,地层压力以构造活动为主。目前泥火山处于弱活动期,短期内造成较大灾害的可能性很小。