典型山地降水径流时空演变及“水-热-人-地”匹配性分析

山地是中国自然生态保护与经济社会发展问题交织、矛盾突出的区域。山地水资源受气候变化和人类活动综合影响发生演变,进一步影响到其与区域气候资源、土地资源以及经济社会之间的协调匹配,研究这些问题对辨识山地发展关键短板、提供山地问题解决思路具有基础意义。根据自然环境特点和经济社会发展状况,选择太行山、横断山和黔桂喀斯特三大典型山地开展研究,基于全国水资源调查评价成果及土地利用、经济社会数据,采用Mann-Kendall检验等方法分析1956-2015年山地降水和径流时空演变特点;采用匹配距离和不平衡指数对山地的水（降水和径流）、热（积温和辐射）、地（面积和耕地）以及社会经济（人口和GDP）等4类要素匹配性进行综合对比分析。结果表明：三大典型山地中,太行山水资源禀赋最差,且2000年以来径流显著衰减,而横断山和黔桂喀斯特降水、径流丰富,且无明显变化趋势;从“水—热—人—地”对比来看,太行山以缺水问题为主,横断山多数地区土地与热资源偏少且水热空间差异大,黔桂喀斯特整体来说土地资源偏少;综合来看,水与其他要素的匹配性最差,特别是在太行山区,水的时空分布及其均衡匹配是保障山地可持续发展的关键。     

中国东北地区人为活动对森林景观格局及鹿科动物生境的影响（英文）

Species abundance and habitat distribution are two important aspects of species conservation studies and both are affected by similar environmental factors. Forest resource inventory data in 2010 were used to evaluate the patterns of habitat for target species of Cervidae in six typical forestry bureaus of the Yichun forest area in the Lesser Xing’an Mountains, northeastern China. A habitat suitability index(HSI) model was used based on elevation, slope, aspect, vegetation and age of tree. These five environmental factors were selected by boosted regression tree(BRT) analysis from 14 environmental variables collected during field surveys. Changes in habitat caused by anthropogenic activities mainly involving settlement and road factors were also considered. The results identified 1780.49 km2 of most-suitable and 1770.70 km2 of unsuitable habitat areas under natural conditions, covering 16.38% and 16.29% of the entire study area, respectively. The area of most-suitable habitat had been reduced by 4.86% when human interference was taken into account, whereas the unsuitable habitat area had increased by 11.3%, indicating that anthropogenic disturbance turned some potential habitats into unsuitable ones. Landscape metrics indicated that average patch area declined while patch density and edge density increased. This suggests that as habitat becomes fragmented and its quality becomes degraded by human activities, cervid populations will be threatened with extirpation. The study helped identify the spatial extent of habitat influenced by anthropogenic interference for the local cervid population. As cervid species clearly avoid human activities, more attention should be paid on considering the way and intensity of human activities for habitat management as fully as possible.     

1987 - 2018年祁连山冰川变化遥感监测及影响因子分析

祁连山冰川融水是维系我国西北地区生态平衡的重要因素。为评估祁连山冰川在全球气候变暖背景下的状态, 利用Landsat-TM、 ETM+、 OLI等遥感影像, 基于波段比值阈值法提取1987 - 2018年共计7期冰川边界进行时序变化分析。结果显示： 近31年来祁连山冰川面积从2 080.39 km²退缩到1 442.09 km², 年均退缩率达0.99%, 相比1956 - 1990年间的退缩率（0.58%）大幅增加; 近31年来冰川物质平衡线高度稳步上升; 冰川主要分布在海拔4 700 ~ 5 100 m之间, 冰川退缩随海拔降低而增加; 约93%的冰川的面积小于2.0 km², 小于0.1 km²的冰川的总数和总面积呈增加态势; 0.5 ~ 1.0 km²的冰川退缩最快, 年均退缩率达1.53%, 而大于10.0 km²的冰川退缩最慢, 年均退缩率为0.59%; 祁连山冰川退缩主要由夏季均温升高引起, 且最近十年间冰川呈现出加速退缩的态势。     

1998 - 2017年天山麦兹巴赫冰川湖面积变化研究

天山麦兹巴赫冰川湖突发洪水是阿克苏河重要的致灾源。利用1998 - 2017年不同时段的Landsat、 环境灾害卫星及高分遥感数据, 通过Munsell HSV变换, 获取了湖面范围。通过对比不同时期的冰湖面积, 对1998 - 2017年麦兹巴赫冰川湖最大面积的变化进行了分析。结果表明： 麦兹巴赫冰川湖的面积从1998年的3.75 km2逐渐变化为2017年的2.87 km2, 影响冰湖储量的下湖面积从3.3 km2减少为1.88 km2, 呈现缩小趋势, 上湖面积则有明显扩张。叠加了时间因子的正积温同冰湖面积有良好的正相关性, 说明气温通过影响冰雪融水以及冰坝稳定性, 从而影响冰湖的面积。研究内容可为区域性冰湖面积变化提供特殊案例, 并为冰湖面积扩张归因分析提供科学参考。     

大兴安岭东坡新林林区冻土变化特征

大兴安岭处于欧亚大陆多年冻土带南缘, 其多年冻土形成、 发展和保存更多受制于植被、 水分等局地因子的影响。采用钻探、 探地雷达和冻土温度长期监测等手段研究发现, 放牧活动会影响大兴安岭东坡新林林区活动层厚度, 放牧活动比较强烈的地段, 活动层可达2.5 m, 放牧区边缘至未放牧区域, 活动层缩减至1.5 m。塔头2013年11月2.0 m处的地温仍然在0 ℃以上（0.04 ℃）, 当放牧行为终止及加漠公路改道后, 2.0 m处的温度开始逐渐恢复, 温度由-0.12 ℃降到-0.69 ℃, 1.5 m处的温度则由0.17 ℃降到-0.42 ℃, 2018年底塔头的活动层厚度已经小于1.5 m。从地表植被类型上看, 松树林、 塔头和灌丛的活动层多年平均厚度分别为0.8 m、 1.3 m和0.7 m, 近地表0.5 m处的年平均地温为0.07 ℃、 0.52 ℃和0.22 ℃, 年变化深度处（11 m）的年均温度为-1.34 ℃, -0.98 ℃和-2.19 ℃。从地温曲线类型上看, 灌丛下的多年冻土比较稳定, 地温曲线属于正梯度型。松树林和塔头下的冻土温度比较复杂, 松树林地温曲线为偏负梯度型-零梯度型-偏正梯度型, 塔头为负梯度型-扭曲型。在地表植被类型和人类活动的共同影响下, 研究区多年冻土经历了地表干扰开始退化、 干扰消除不再退化以及慢慢恢复的过程。     

内蒙古乌兰拜其铅锌矿床成因探讨:流体包裹体及矿石矿物S-Pb同位素、微量元素证据

乌兰拜其铅锌矿床是近年来在大兴安岭中南段地区新发现的一处中型铅锌多金属矿床,目前已探明铅锌储量约27万吨,其中Ⅰ号矿段为主要的组成矿段。本文以乌兰拜其矿床Ⅰ号矿段作为研究对象,试图讨论乌兰拜其铅锌矿床成矿流体性质、成矿物质来源、成矿地质背景及成因类型。乌兰拜其矿床Ⅰ号矿段矿体主要呈似层状赋存于白音高老组地层中酸性火山碎屑岩中。根据矿物的组构和穿插关系,初步将I号矿段成矿作用划分为:毒砂-黄铁矿阶段、多金属硫化物阶段和绢云母-绿泥石阶段等三个主要成矿阶段。其中矿床中主成矿阶段的石英、闪锌矿中的流体包裹体可分为气液两相包裹体(Ⅰ型)和含子晶多相包裹体(Ⅱ型)两类。石英中气液两相包裹体的均一温度范围为125～481℃,盐度为2.74%～7.02%Na Cleqv;闪锌矿中的流体包裹体均一温度范围为110～327℃,盐度为2.90%～7.02%Na Cleqv。分析计算得出的包裹体形成时的成矿压力为8.27～37.43MPa,平均压力为21.26MPa;成矿深度为0.28～1.25km,平均深度为0.71km。这表明乌兰拜其铅锌矿床的成矿流体具有中低温、低密度、低盐度的特征,其形成于压力较低,深度较浅的环境下。矿床主成矿阶段的多金属硫化物具有较小的δ34S值变化范围(-6.73‰～0.17‰,均值为-4.10‰),指示硫来源于深源岩浆。闪锌矿、黄铜矿Pb同位素(206Pb/204Pb为18.130～18.267,207Pb/204Pb为15.488～15.545,208Pb/204Pb为37.920～38.104)组成较为稳定。其μ值为9.27～9.28,ω值为33.46～34.02,暗示乌兰拜其矿床铅具有壳幔混合来源特征。乌兰拜其硫铅同位素组成与大兴安岭地区成矿物质为岩浆来源的金属矿床特征相似,与早白垩世火山岩浆活动关系密切,是深部岩浆热液逐步演化的产物。结合矿区与成矿关系密切的燕山晚期花岗岩,本次研究初步认为乌兰拜其铅锌多金属矿床是受燕山晚期中酸性火山岩-次火山岩和断裂控制的,与岩浆活动有关的中低温热液铅锌多金属矿床。     

新疆东天山黑尖山铁矿床富铁团块中磁铁矿的成分特征及岩浆-热液演化过程

黑尖山铁矿床是新疆东天山阿齐山—雅满苏成矿带中典型的海相火山岩型铁矿床。黑尖山矿床围岩安山质熔岩中发育大量不规则的富铁团块,可分为钠长石磁铁矿型、钠长石钾长石磁铁矿型、钾长石磁铁矿型、绿帘石磁铁矿型和石英磁铁矿型5种类型,可能代表了在岩浆-热液成矿过程中不同演化阶段的产物,对黑尖山铁矿床成矿过程及形成环境有指示意义。本文对上述5类富铁团块中的磁铁矿进行了主量元素分析,为了精确地测出磁铁矿中铁的总量,采用差分法加入不确定的O含量,并加以ZAF矩阵校正。对比5类富铁团块中磁铁矿Ti含量,钠长石磁铁矿型最高、钠长石钾长石磁铁矿型和钾长石磁铁矿型较高、绿帘石磁铁矿型和石英磁铁矿型最低,且Ti含量与Fe含量为正相关关系;绿帘石磁铁矿型和石英磁铁矿型富铁团块Fe含量特征与矿石中磁铁矿Fe含量相近。上述特征表明钠长石磁铁矿类型是残余富铁熔体中最早的结晶产物,钠长石钾长石磁铁矿和钾长石磁铁矿类型具有岩浆热液转变的特征,而绿帘石磁铁矿和石英-磁铁矿类型则是受热液完全交代的产物,说明矿床形成于岩浆-热液成矿作用。各类富铁团块内磁铁矿的Fe含量均大于相对应蚀变环边磁铁矿的Fe含量,表明富铁岩浆结晶与热液活动分异同期发生。     

Spatial patterns of Pinus tabulaeformis and Pinus massoniana forests in Qinling-Daba Mountains and the boundary of subtropical and warm temperate zones

The Qinling Mountains is not only the geographical boundary between North and South China,but also the boundary between subtropical and warm temperate zones.It plays an important role in the geo-ecological pattern of China.However,there is controversy about the specific location of this geographical boundary in academic community due to the complexity,transition and heterogeneity of the transitional zone,as well as the differences in the delimitation indicators and research purposes.To further reveal the characteristics of the North-South transitional zone and clarify the specific location of the geo-ecological boundary between North and South China,combined with SRTM topographic data,temperature and precipitation data,Pinus massoniana forest and Pinus tabulaeformis forest,which represent subtropical coniferous forest in South China and temperate coniferous forest in North China respectively,were chosen to analyze their spatial distributions in the Qinling-Daba Mountains and the climatic conditions at their boundary with the climatic indexes of annual precipitation,the coldest month(January) average temperature,the warmest month(July) average temperature and the annual average temperature.The results show that:(1) Pinus massoniana and Pinus tabulaeformis forests and the climate indicators of their boundary can be used as one of the vegetation-climate indexes for the delimitation of subtropical and warm temperate zones.The boundary between the subtropical coniferous forest(Pinus massoniana forest) and temperate coniferous forest(Pinus tabulaeformis forest) is located along the south slope of Funiu Mountain to the north edge of Hanzhong Basin(the south slope of Qinling Mountains) at an altitude of 1000–1200 m,where the climatic indictors are stable:the annual precipitation is about 750–1000 mm,the annual average temperature is about 12–14℃,the coldest monthly average temperature is 0–4℃,and the warmest monthly average temperature is about 22–26℃.(2) It can be more scientifically to delimitate the boundary of subtropical and warm temperate zones in China by comprehensively considering the vegetation-climate indicators.Additionally,the boundary between subtropical and warm temperate zones in Qinling-Daba Mountains should be a transitional zone consisting of the boundaries of coniferous forests,broad-leaved forests and shrubs between subtropical and warm temperate zones.The results provide a scientific basis for the selection of delimitation index of subtropical and warm temperate zones.     

Evaluation and spatiotemporal characteristics of glacier service value in the Qilian Mountains

Journal of Geographical Sciences - Glaciers provide essential resources and services for human well-being and so-cio-economic development in arid regions. It is of great significance for regional...     

横断山区水土资源利用与经济增长的匹配关系

水土资源不仅是山区生态系统服务供给的一部分,同时也是山区经济发展的重要投入要素。本文以横断山区为研究对象,利用基尼系数法评估水土资源和经济发展之间的匹配状况,同时基于个体随机效应模型建立拓展的Cobb-Douglas生产函数模型实现了经济增长对水土要素的敏感性分析,引入经济增长阻尼模型定量测算了水土资源对横断山区经济发展的制约程度。结果表明：① 2006—2015年横断山区水资源、土地资源与GDP的区域基尼系数波动范围分别为0.260~0.298和0.389~0.424,水资源对不同产业的满足程度相对合理,而对土地资源的利用与经济发展较不匹配,尤其是第二、三产业;② 敏感性分析结果表明,横断山区土地资源的产出弹性是水资源2倍左右,土地资源的累计贡献率明显高于水资源,土地资源要素对经济增长贡献大于水资源要素。③ 水土资源增长阻尼平均水平分别为0.012和0.022,说明水资源和土地资源对横断山区经济发展均产生明显的约束作用,且受土地资源的限制较大。研究表明中国山区发展需要更加重视水土资源开发利用与经济增长需求的匹配,充分挖掘水土资源的利用潜力提高供给可以降低其对经济增长的制约程度。