沙尘源区AVHRR反照率时序变化与TSP的对比分析

以2001年3月到5月的几次沙尘天气为例,介绍基于地表覆盖的AVHRR反照率的反演结果,并与TSP(沙尘干量)和Si(硅)进行对比分析,发现它们具有较好的相关性,从而揭示了沙尘暴发生前后地表能量的变化状况,为预测预警沙尘天气的危害提供及时客观的空间信息。     

The spatial and temporal distribution and characteristics of inorganic ion concentrations of TSP in the Tarim Basin

Based on Total Suspended Particulates （TSP） observations of Tazhong, Tikanli, Kashi and Minfeng in 2009, combined wa- ter-soluble inorganic ion analyses, this paper studied the spatial and temporal distribution of TSP in the Tarim Basin and analyzed concentration characteristics. The results are as follows： （1） monthly average TSP concentrations shows a similar trend in Tazhong, Tikanli, Kashi and Minfeng with peak values in April-May and low values in November-December. As for the quarter average mass concentration trends, spring has the highest value, followed by summer and autumn, and winter is the lowest; （2） total annual concentration trend of water-soluble inorganic ions in TSP is as follows： Tazhong 〉 Tikanli 〉 Minfeng 〉 Kashi. SO4^2- concentra- tions are 58%, 50%, 54% and 51% of total ion concentration; Ca^2＋ concentrations are 13%, 16%, 16% and 11%; Na^＋ concentra- tions are 12%, 13%, 10% and 12% and Cl^- concentrations are 12%, 16%, 11% and 22%, respectively. Therefore, sulfate, calcium, sodium and chloride ions are the main inorganic components of TSP in the Tarim Basin; （3） the correlation coefficients of anions and cations in Tikanli, Minfeng, Kashi and Tazhong are 0.99, 0.99, 0.25 and 0.91, respectively; the average anion concentrations are 2.57, 2.12, 2.15 and 3.02 times the average cation concentrations, indicating that ions were unbalanced; （4） SO4^2-/NO3^- ratio is much larger than the ratio of coal-fired emissions SO4^2-/NO3^-, thus the impact of fixed emission sources in the four regions on the atmosphere is far greater than that of mobile emission sources.     

TSP在软、硬岩地层中的应用效果分析

介绍了TSP超前预报系统实现预报的基本原理.从基本原理出发分析了TSP对不同岩性地层的适应性问题;通过实例分析了TSP在不同地层中的顸测效果.结果表明当围岩中没有大的不良地质体时,TSP在软岩中的预测效果较差,而在硬岩中预测效果好.     

TSP203型隧道超前地质预报系统及应用

介绍了TSP203型超前地质预报系统的组成、性能以及工作原理与方法,数据处理的步骤,通过工程实例分析说明其应用效果。     

The influence of meteorology on the organic and inorganic properties of aerosols in Hong Kong

The organic and inorganic species in total suspended particulates (TSP) collected from June to December in 1998 in Hong Kong were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to investigate the sources of Hong Kong aerosols and the mechanisms that control the chemical compositions and variations in the atmosphere. These samples were classified according to the climate: wet, dry under the influence of southerly winds from the sea (Dry-S) and dry under the influence of northerly winds from the continent (Dry-N). There were significant increases of materials from crustal, biogenic and pollution sources in the Dry-N period by a factor of 5, 4, and 2, respectively. Since the crustal tracers (e.g., Al, Fe) could be from coal flyash, the estimate of crustal material in the Dry-N period may include some materials from pollution source. Therefore, a positive correlation between crustal and pollution elements was observed. From the analysis of solvent-extractable organics (SEOC), microbial and meat cooking sources showed slight increase (1.2-fold). Higher levels of plant wax materials in the Dry-N period were probably due to the higher wind speed during the winter monsoon. The percentage of crustal material in TSP was 47% in the Dry-N period, and only 22% in the wet season and the Dry-S period. Plant wax materials (biogenic source) had a higher percentage in the Dry-N period (39% of SEOC) while microbial and meat cooking sources accounted for 49% of SEOC in the wet season. This study revealed that wind direction and precipitation had a significant influence not only on the concentrations but also on the chemical compositions and sources of Hong Kong aerosols.     

南京市总悬浮颗粒物（TSP）及地面积尘来源解析

本文使用受体模型中的化学元素平衡法（CMB）对南京市的大气总量浮颗粒物（TSP）来源进行解析研究，同时对地面积尘进行解析，结果表明建筑尘对TSP的贡献为31％－45％，位列第一，其次是煤烟（20％－38％），土壤尘（15％－23％），冶炼尘（＜3％），对地面积尘的解析结果也与TSP相同，该文的结果为污染物的防治提供决策依据。     

TSP203系统在芭蕉溪隧道超前预报中的应用

地球物理勘探方法应用于隧道掘进中的超前预报工作, 不仅具有快捷、准确的特点, 而且还能进行实时处理与显示。以上(海)瑞(丽)高速公路湖南境内邵(阳)—怀(化)段芭蕉溪隧道的超前预报为例, 通过TSP203探测, 可以及时、详细、准确地了解开挖掌子面前方的地质情况, 从而为施工单位合理安排施工作业进度、减少工程隐患提供了科学依据。     

TSP法在石柱槽隧道地质超前预报应用中的几点认识

简要介绍了隧道施工常见灾害及地质超前预报重点,通过工程实例,对TSP法的应用效果及相关技术问题提出了自己的认识。     

综合物探技术在灰岩地区隧洞超前预报中的应用

将TSP、地质雷达技术用于千岛湖配水工程灰岩区隧洞超前预报,简述了两种物探方法的原理,统计了完整性较好的灰岩与砂质岩对应的TSP指标范围,采用有限差分法模拟了地震波在隧洞前方遭遇大型溶洞时的波场特性,总结了岩性变化、溶洞、溶蚀带对应的物探异常规律。结论如下:地质雷达是溶洞、溶蚀带探测较理想的手段,其电磁异常特征表现为反射波振幅强,同相轴错断或呈双曲线状,并伴随一定程度的多次反射,含泥溶腔主频较空腔偏低,但多大于50MHz;同等质量级别下灰岩对应TSP各物理力学指标较粉砂岩或泥质砂岩偏好;大型空腔对应TSP纵波波速、密度及杨氏模量偏低,TSP对小型溶腔或溶蚀带探测敏感度较差,有时仅体现为反射层密集。     

乌鲁木齐市TSP微观形貌特征分析

利用环境扫描电镜(SEM/EDS)分别对2009年四季在雷达站、卫星站、年轮实验室和白杨沟站采集的TSP样品进行微观形貌和能谱分析,结果表明:乌鲁木齐市TSP形貌具有明显的时空分布特征。春季TSP颗粒较大,形状不规则,可能来源沙尘;夏季TSP中颗粒少且小,可能含有土壤扬尘和植物花粉;秋季TSP颗粒多为蓬松链状,可能是烟尘聚集体;冬季TSP颗粒较大,形状规则的颗粒增多且多为圆形,是典型的燃煤飞灰形态。北郊、市区TSP中颗粒物数量高于南郊山区的白杨沟站,秋冬季燃煤对北郊和市区TSP形貌影响较大。TSP主要含Si、S、Ca、Al、Fe、Mg、Cl、Na,说明TSP来源广泛,并且由多种颗粒混合而成。春夏季乌市TSP中Si、Ca Al、Na、Mg含量较高,秋冬季Si、S、Ca、Al、Fe、Cl含量很高。市区TSP中S、Fe、Al较白杨沟同期所占比重大,白杨沟TSP中元素种类较少,S、Fe含量不高,表明燃煤、工业排放影响不大。