Hydraulic analysis of cell-network treatment wetlands

When individual cells of a multiple-cell treatment wetland are hydraulically connected, the wetland has a cell-network structure. The hydraulic performance of treatment wetlands is often characterized using tracer residence time distributions (RTDs) measured between the wetland inlet and outlet, such that the wetland is considered as a single hydraulic unit, regardless of the extent of networking between individual internal cells. This work extends the single hydraulic unit approach to enable the specification of moments and RTD parameters for individual cells, or clusters of cells, within the cell-network based on inert tracer tests with injection only at the network inlet. Hydraulic performance is quantified in terms of hydraulic efficiency and travel time dimensionless variance using both the method of moments and RTD modeling. Cell-network analysis was applied to a case study from the Orlando Easterly Wetland (OEW), demonstrating the improvement in hydraulic performance of individual wetland cells following wetland restoration activities. Furthermore, cell-network analysis indicated that the location of water quality sampling station locations within the cell network can significantly affect the accuracy of pollutant removal effectiveness estimation when the individual sample station RTD does not represent the hydraulic unit RTD. At the OEW, it was determined that historical nutrient removal effectiveness estimation may be underestimated for one area and overestimated for another, and recommendations were provided for sample station locations to minimize future performance estimation errors.     

Spatiotemporal analysis of precipitation trends in the Yangtze River catchment

Precipitation trends in the Yangtze River catchment (PR China) have been analyzed for the past 50 years by applying the Mann-Kendall trend test and geospatial analyses. Monthly precipitation trends of 36 stations have been calculated. Significant positive trends at many stations can be observed for the summer months, which naturally show precipitation maxima. They were preceded and/or followed by negative trends. This observation points towards a concentration of summer precipitation within a shorter period of time. The analysis of a second data set on a gridded basis with 0.5° resolution reveals trends with distinct spatial patterns. The combination of classic trend tests and spatially interpolated precipitation data sets allows the spatiotemporal visualization of detected trends. Months with positive trends emphasize the aggravation of severe situation in a region, which is particularly prone to flood disasters during summer. Reasons for the observed trends were found in variations in the meridional wind pattern at the 850 hPa level, which account for an increased transport of warm moist air to the Yangtze River catchment during the summer months.     

碎石土地基湿陷性研究

主要以甘南330 kV变电所碎石土地基的现场浸水载荷试验和室内实验为基础,根据湿陷变形的特征,分析了影响碎石土地基湿陷变形的主要影响因素,探讨了碎石土地基的湿陷机理。认为碎石等大骨架颗粒与细粒胶结物相填充的特殊结构是碎石土地基湿陷最主要的原因。碎石土由于浸水骨架颗粒之间抗剪、抗压强度降低而导致碎石土结构破坏,随之填充在骨架颗粒之间的细颗粒产生二次湿陷,两者引起土体体积减小所导致。     

颗粒破碎对煤矸石渗透性能的影响

采用标准试验方法求得筑坝用煤矸石的最大干密度和相应的最优含水量。试验结果表明,击实作用使煤矸石的粗大颗粒发生破碎,导致其粒度组成改变,颗粒级配进一步趋于良好,有利于碾压密实。当粗粒质量分数大于60%时,煤矸石的破碎程度明显提高。当粗粒质量分数小于40%时,煤矸石的工程特性主要由细颗粒的性质决定。煤矸石的渗透系数和孔隙比之间存在指数关系。随细颗粒含量的增加,煤矸石的渗透性将显著降低。     

基于扁铲侧胀试验的桩基水平承载力分析

依据扁铲侧胀试验的结果,对桩侧土水平抗力系数的比例系数进行了估算,并估算出单桩水平承载力设计值;根据单桩水平载荷试验的成果,计算出试验桩的水平临界荷载平均值,并得到桩侧土水平抗力系数的比例系数;在此基础上,对两者进行了对比分析,其单桩水平承载力非常接近,但比例系数存在差异。认为不宜将试桩的结果直接应用于工程桩的水平承载力计算,应根据工程桩的实际情况,考虑承台、桩群、土相互作用产生的群桩效应。     

大型现场室内两用直剪仪研制（Ⅱ）：试验测试

利用新近研制的大型现场室内两用直剪仪，对两种不同性质的砂样进行了剪切试验。在对干砂的直接剪切试验特性进行综述的基础上，从多方面对该大型直剪仪得出的干砂剪切试验数据进行了分析验证，结果表明该大型直剪仪得出的试验数据一致性好、可靠性较高，说明该大型直剪仪的基本剪切性能稳定，可进一步应用于相关岩土材料的试验研究。     

堤坝管涌的室内试验与颗粒流细观模拟研究

本文对水流垂直方向的堤坝管涌现象分别进行了室内模型模拟和颗粒流模拟实验。在室内模型试验模拟中采用先进的数码成像跟踪设备在细观的尺度上对土样在管涌发生发展的全过程进行了观察和记录,为颗粒流细观模拟提供了必要的细观参数及宏观依据。提出的二维孔隙率与三维孔隙率转换的关系公式很好的将室内模型试验的孔隙率同颗粒流数值模拟结合,运用颗粒流程序采用固液耦合的分析模型对管涌现象作进一步的数值模拟分析。根据模拟结果,分析了管涌产生、发展在颗粒细观尺度的原因,对管涌产生发展中的试样细观变化规律及流速的变化规律进行了分析。这些结果为PFC2D在渗流和渗透破坏等方面的深入研究应用提供了一定的实用依据,同时也为在细观尺度上解释和分析管涌现象提供了一条新的途径。     

保证混凝土结构实体质量措施的探讨

结合国家现行混凝土结构工程验收规范,从混凝土质量及钢筋制作、安装施工质量方面,对混凝土结构实体存在的质量问题作了阐述,提出了相应的解决措施。     

桩端土加固处理设计及检测方法的探讨

介绍了人工挖孔桩桩端土承载力不足进行旋喷桩处理的设计过程以及处理后检测过程中遇到的问题。桩端土处理设计可以遵循一般的地基处理设计方法和原则,并针对复合地基承载力检测和桩端土极限端阻力的检测中存在的差异和共同点,提出组合静载荷试验的思路和方法,并在工程中予以实施,并取得了较好的效果。     

应用深层平板载荷试验选择桩端持力层

深层平板载荷试验是一种新兴的原位测试方法。通过安阳某工程人工挖孔扩底灌注桩深层平板载荷试验的现场实践,确定了不同土层地基土的承载力特征值,为设计单位选择持力层提供数据,并为甲方节省了大量建设资金。