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131.
利用热带降雨测量卫星(TRMM)的微波成像仪(TMI)和星载测雨雷达(PR)资料,从台风Acre(2004)接近台湾岛的观测资料中选取3个时次的数据,采用4种不同方法进行TMI反演降水试验。结果表明,常用的仅用高频通道反演降水方法的效果并不理想,多通道直接组合法的反演结果虽然稳定性很好,但始终无法达到最佳,多通道直接对数组合法的反演结果虽然有时较好,但反演结果不稳定,而多通道间接对数组合法既可以较好地表征弱降水区的范围和强度分布,又能描绘强降水区的位置,且反演效果稳定,是由微波亮温资料反演洋面降水的一种较为理想的方法。结果对于利用我国自行发射的气象卫星遥感资料反演降水具有一定的参考价值。  相似文献   
132.
基于热带测雨卫星探测的东亚降水云结构特征的研究   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
利用热带测雨卫星的测雨雷达(TRMMPR)、微波成像仪(TMI)、可见光和红外辐射计(VIRS)、闪电成像仪(LIS)对降水云的综合探测结果,结合全球降水气候计划降水资料(GPCP)和中国气象台站雨量计观测资料,分析了东亚降水分布特点,并比较了TRMMPR与GPCP及地面雨量计观测结果的差异;揭示了中国中东部大陆、东海和南海对流降水和层云降水平均降水廓线的季节变化特征及物理意义,以及TMI高频和低频微波信号对地表降水率变化的响应特点;通过对中尺度强降水系统、锋面气旋降水系统和热对流降水系统的个例分析,探明了降水结构及其与闪电活动的关系、降水云顶部信息与地表雨强之间的关系。  相似文献   
133.
2000—2007年登陆台风中闪电活动与降水特征   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
利用TRMM卫星LIS, PR和TMI资料,对2000—2007年41个登陆我国的台风中闪电活动和降水特征进行分析。结果表明:台风中的闪电活动整体较弱,相对而言,外雨带中的闪电活动最强,其次是眼壁,内雨带最弱,而眼壁的闪电密度最大。闪电活动沿台风径向有两个明显的高值区,主峰出现在距台风眼375 km的外雨带,次峰出现在距台风眼55 km的眼壁和内雨带相交的边界附近。台风中对流云降水面积远小于层云降水面积,其中外雨带中的对流云降水面积最大,其次是眼壁,内雨带最小;但对流降水对总降水量的贡献与层云相当。眼壁和内雨带中的对流云和层云的降水回波平均高度都小于外雨带。分析表明:TMI观测到的85.5 GHz极化修正亮温 (TPC85.5) 越低,闪电发生概率越大,外雨带具有最低的TPC85.5。有、无闪电发生区域的平均6 km高度雷达反射率因子和TPC85.5差异明显。台风区域内,闪电活动位置对应的平均6 km雷达回波强度普遍大于20 dBZ,而无闪电发生位置普遍低于30 dBZ。  相似文献   
134.
选取热带测雨卫星(Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission,TRMM)微波成像仪(TRMM Microwave Imager,TMI)液态水路径(liquid water path,LWP)轨道像元数据为研究对象,探讨了将瞬时探测以及逐月的像元数据进行格点化(0.1°、0.25°、0.5°、1.0°和2.5°五种格点分辨率)时,格点数据的失真情况。对TMI瞬时探测的个例分析结果表明,细分辨率(0.1°、0.25°和0.5°)格点能保留原始像元数据的细节;而随着网格变粗,细节受到较大的平滑。因此对于中尺度到天气尺度的天气系统分析而言,将卫星轨道数据处理到网格尺度不大于0.5°的格点更合适。对逐月LWP像元资料格点化处理的分析表明,细分辨率格点能保留LWP空间分布细节,尽管5种分辨率下LWP的概率密度分布(probability density function,PDF)均相近。因此,对月尺度及以上的气候分析研究而言,格点尺度大小对卫星像元数据格点化的影响不显著。最后利用本实验室计算的TMI/LWP格点数据与欧洲中期数值预报中心再分析资料(European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts Interim reanalysis,ERA-Interim)和NCEP再分析资料(NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis,NCEP CFSR)进行了对比,发现两种再分析资料都高估了LWP;TMI/LWP格点数据与两种再分析资料LWP的多年变化趋势大致相同。  相似文献   
135.
  总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Daily precipitation amounts and frequencies from the CMORPH (Climate Prediction Center Morphing Technique) and TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission) 3B42 precipitation products are validated against warm season in-situ precipitation observations from 2003 to 2008 over the Tibetan Plateau and the regions to its east. The results indicate that these two satellite datasets can better detect daily precipitation frequency than daily precipitation amount. The ability of CMORPH and TRMM 3B42 to accurately detect daily precipitation amount is dependent on the underlying terrain. Both datasets are more reliable over the relatively flat terrain of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, the Sichuan basin, and the mid-lower reaches of the Yangtze River than over the complex terrain of the Tibetan Plateau. Both satellite products are able to detect the occurrence of daily rainfall events; however, their performance is worse in regions of complex topography, such as the Tibetan Plateau. Regional distributions of precipitation amount by precipitation intensity based on TRMM 3B42 are close to those based on rain gauge data. By contrast, similar distributions based on CMORPH differ substantially. CMORPH overestimates the amount of rain associated with the most intense precipitation events over the mid-lower reaches of the Yangtze River while underestimating the amount of rain associated with lighter precipitation events. CMORPH underestimates the amount of intense precipitation and overestimates the amount of lighter precipitation over the other analyzed regions. TRMM 3B42 underestimates the frequency of light precipitation over the Sichuan basin and the mid-lower reaches of the Yangtze River. CMORPH overestimates the frequencies of weak and intense precipitation over the mid-lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and underestimates the frequencies of moderate and heavy precipitation. CMORPH also overestimates the frequency of light precipitation and underestimates the frequency of intense precipitation over the other three regions. The TRMM 3B42 product provides better characterizations of the regional gamma distributions of daily precipitation amount than the CMORPH product, for which the cumulative distribution functions are biased toward lighter precipitation events.  相似文献   
136.
利用热带测雨卫星(TRMM)探测资料,NCEP、ERA-Interim再分析资料,结合C波段多普勒雷达和其他地面观测资料,研究了2013年7月21日发生在青藏高原东坡的一次大暴雨强降水结构。结果表明,高能、高湿的不稳定大气在700 hPa切变线及地面辐合线的触发下产生了此次大暴雨,降水具有明显的强对流性质。从水平结构来看,降水系统由成片的层云雨团中分散分布的多个对流性雨团组成,对流样本数远少于层云,但平均雨强是层云的4.7倍,对总降水的贡献达到25.6%;以超过10 mm/h雨强为强度标准,3个20-50 km、回波强度在45-50 dBz的β中尺度对流雨团零散地分布在主雨带中,对应 < 210 K的微波辐射亮温区和≥ 32 mm/h的地面强降水;对流降水的雨强谱集中在1-50 mm/h,其中20-30 mm/h的雨强对总雨强的贡献最大,这与中国东部降水有着显著区别,而90%的层云降水的雨强均小于10 mm/h。从垂直结构来看,对流降水云呈柱状自地面伸展,平均雨顶高度随地面雨强的增强而不断升高(5-12 km),强降水中心区域的质心在2-6 km;降水廓线反映出强降水系统中降水主要集中在6 km以下高度范围,且降水强度在垂直方向分布不均匀,对流降水和层云降水的强度随高度升高的总趋势是趋于减弱,但在一定高度范围内,对流降水强度随高度升高而增大,并且在多个地表雨强廓线中都有体现。此外,地基雷达的探测结果也表明了强降水的低质心特点及显著的逆风区演变特征,这是对TRMM PR探测的验证和补充。   相似文献   
137.
利用TRMM(Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission)卫星探测结果结合NCEP(National Centers for Environmental Prediction)再分析资料, 对2007年7月17日四川、重庆地区的一次西南涡强降水系统和2008年7月21日四川东部的东移高原涡强降水系统的三维结构特征、雨顶高度以及降水廓线特征进行对比分析研究。结果表明:(1)两次降水过程均是发生在西南—东北向的水汽辐合带中, 且降水云群均位于低涡的东南方。(2)两次强降水在水平结构上均表现为由一个主降水雨带和多个零散降水云团组成, 高原涡强降水过程比西南涡强降水的降水强度和范围都要大。降水雷达探测到的两个中尺度降水系统均以降水范围大、强度弱的层云降水为主, 但对流性降水对总降水量的贡献较大, 其中西南涡降水中对流降水所占比例比高原涡的大, 对总降水率的贡献也大。(3)垂直结构上:两次强降水的雨顶高度均是随地表雨强的增加而增加, 且最大雨顶高度接近16 km, 但西南涡强降水中的雨顶高度比高原涡更高, 说明西南涡降水过程中对流旺盛程度强于高原涡。(4)两次强降水中雨滴碰并增长过程以及凝结潜热的释放主要集中在8 km以下, 但8 km以上西南涡降水变化大于高原涡, 且前者在8~12 km高度层的降水量对总降水量贡献百分比大于后者。  相似文献   
138.
The common geostrophic estimation of ocean current velocity uses only water temperature and conductivity profiles. The geostrophic volume transport of a western boundary current, like the Taiwan Current (Kuroshio east of Taiwan), between the coast and its eastern boundary can be easily estimated based on hydrographic survey data. But the eastern boundary of the Taiwan Current is very uncertain due to extremely variable hydrographic conditions. This uncertainty is strongly correlated with the propagating mesoscale eddies originating from the interior of the western North Pacific Ocean. The uncertainty of estimated transport can be greatly reduced if eddy distribution is considered when determining the integration boundaries with the assistance of satellite altimeter measurements. Eight hydrographic surveys east of Taiwan between November 1992 and June 1996 are demonstrated in this study. The average geostrophic transport of the Taiwan Current with a reference set to 1000 dbar at 22°N between the east coast of Taiwan and 124°E is 22.9 ±14.2 Sv and changes to 22.1 ± 8.3 Sv, the uncertainty of which is nearly halved after taking account of the eddy distribution. The estimation uncertainty is insensitive to vertical displacements of the reference level within the depth range between 800 and 2000 dbar. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   
139.
The study analyzes summertime lightning incidence data across northern tropical Africa from the TRMM satellite sensor during 1998–2011. It uses harmonic analyses to detect the spatial patterns in diurnal variations of lightning activity across the study area. The results are in conformity with previous studies examining diurnal patterns of convective weather processes in this region, with most lightning activity concentrated over land areas. The peak time of lightning activity over most of the study area was during late afternoon hours, from around 1700 to 1900 local standard time. The peak time of lightning activity was observed during early morning hours in some coastal areas, such as Cameroon, which can be a result of local-level convergence between the land and sea breeze. A general progression in the time of lightning activity from late afternoon to early evening hours was observed throughout the interior of the study area, which may be attributed to land-surface heating and associated mesoscale convective systems, and to upper-level circulation in the form of the African Easterly Jet Stream.  相似文献   
140.
    
Abstract

A decadal-scale study to retrieve the spatio-temporal precipitation patterns of the Yangtze River basin, China, using the Tropical Rain Mapping Mission, Precipitation Radar (TRMM/PR) data is presented. The empirical orthogonal function (EOF) based on monthly TRMM/PR data extracts several leading precipitation patterns, which are largely connected with physical implications at the basin scale. With the aid of gauge station data, the amplitudes of major principal components (PCs) were used to examine the generic relationships between precipitation variations and hydrological extremes (e.g. floods and droughts) during summer seasons over the past decade. The emergence of such major precipitation patterns clearly reveals the possible linkages with hydrological processes, and the oscillations in relation to the amplitude of major PCs are consistent with these observed hydrological extremes. Although the floods in some sections of the Yangtze River were, to some extent, tied to human activities, such as the removal of wetlands, the variations in major precipitation patterns are recognized as the primary driving force of the flow extremes associated with floods and droughts. The research findings indicate that long-distance hydro-meteorological signals of large-scale precipitation variations over such a large river basin can be successfully identified with the aid of EOF analysis. The retrieved precipitation patterns and their low-frequency jumps of amplitude in relation to PCs are valuable tools to help understand the association between the precipitation variations and the occurrence of hydrological extremes. Such a study can certainly aid in disaster mitigation and decision-making in water resource management.

Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz; Associate editor A. Montanari

Citation Sun, Z., Chang, N.-B., Huang, Q., and Opp, C., 2013. Precipitation patterns and associated hydrological extremes in the Yangtze River basin, China, using TRMM/PR data and EOF analysis. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 57 (7), 1315–1324.  相似文献   
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