Meteorological Satellite TIROS-N TOVS Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Property and Cloud

In this paper, a new retrieval method, i.e., the Statistical-Physical Retrieval Method (STPRM) has been developed. It is a combination of both statistical and physical method. On this basis, a retrieval system of temperature-humidity profiles and cloud parameters has been developed. By use of the developed TOVS STPRM the distribution of atmospheric temperature, humidity and geopotential height on isobaric surface can be obtained. In comparison with the statistical method and physical method, the TOVS STPRM system not only has the advantage of convenience in use, quickness in data processing and accuracy in retrieval result, but also can display cloud evolution on screen.     

TOVS资料在降水分析预报中的应用

利用两年多的夏季TOVS部分反演产品分析了黑龙江省降水，认为它反映小范围阵性降水的能力比较强，而对区域性强降水的反映能力弱一些，并初步探讨了出现实种情况的成因。     

AIRS/TOVS/TOMS反演的臭氧总量的对比分析

本文利用2003-2005年的AIRS(Atmospheric Infrared Sounder),TOVS(The TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder)和TOMS(Total ozone mapping spectrometer)卫星资料反演的大气臭氧柱总量分析了全球范围内大气臭氧的分布和变化特征.北半球大气臭氧柱总量有明显的季节变化,在春季达到最大值约为322.25DU,秋季达到最小值约为277.83DU,变化幅度约为45DU,南半球季节变化不明显;大气臭氧柱总量有明显的纬度变化,低纬度地区臭氧柱总量较低,基本维持在250-270DU,高纬度地区臭氧柱总量较高,北半球中高纬地区平均约为294DU,南半球中高纬地区平均约为279DU.几种反演结果的对比分析表明,AIRS的全球(60°N-60°S)平均臭氧柱总量的值比TOVS和TOMS的值高大约3-5DU.其反演值在南极大陆和沙漠地区出现异常.与地基观测资料相比较,AIRS和TOMS反演值与地面站观测值之间具有一致的变化趋势,并存在较好的相关性.     

APPLICATION OF THE VARIATIONAL METHOD OF TOVS DATA OVER THE TIBETAN PLATEAU IN IMPROVEMENT OF THE INITIAL FIELD OF NUMERICAL MODELS*

In this paper,TOVS satellite data are used through variational method on the data-sparse plateau area.Diagnoses are carried out to find a way to solve the large error problem of model initial field.It is put forward that TOVS retrieval data can be used to improve the initial field of numerical prediction model on Tibetan Plateau area.Through variational method,TOVS data are processed and the liability of the initial information on the plateau is improved.Diagnostic results confirm further that the application of TOVS retrieval data can improve our capability to describe the dynamic system features on the plateau and the objectivity of related initial information such as the distribution of water vapor channel and stratification stability.     

气象卫星资料在天气预报分析业务中的应用

对TOVS和云导风非常规反演资料进行了质量控制，并将控制后的反演场与常规观测资料以及T106分析场资料进行变分同化，得到合成分析场。结果表明：在合理的目标函数设计的基础上，合成分析场与仅用常规探空资料相比更接近于实况，弥补了实况资料的不足。运用MICAPS中特有的网格点绘图功能实现了机器自动绘制历史天气图工作。经检验误差较小，线条平滑。该方法为在实时天气图和历史图分析中使用非常规资料提供了一条新的途径，具有一定的实用价值。     

利用TOVS资料测雪

该文提出了利用TOVS的MSU-1（微波辐射仪的第一通道、中心频率50.31 GHz）、HIRS/2-8（高分辨率红外辐射仪的第八通道、中心波长11.10 μm）、HIRS/2-19（中心波长3.70μm）及HIRS/2-20（中心波长0.70 μm）光谱特性的差异进行云的检测,以及在晴空条件下测雪的方法。该方法测出的1993年1月我国东部地区和1991年1月西藏高原东部地区降雪过程的积雪图,与实况相符。     

The influence of land surface changes on regional climate in Northwest China

Land surface changes effect the regional climate due to the complex coupling of land-atmosphere interactions. From 1995 to 2000, a decrease in the vegetation density and an increase in ground-level thermodynamic activity has been documented by multiple data sources in Northwest China, including meteorological, reanalysis from European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts （ECMWF）, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration＇s （NOAA） Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer （AVHRR） and TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder （TOVS） satellite remote sensing data. As the ground-level thermodynamic activity increases, humid air from the surrounding regions converge toward desert （and semi-desert） regions, causing areas with high vegetation cover to become gradually more arid. Furthermore, land surface changes in Northwest China are responsible for a decrease in total cloud cover, a decline in the fraction of low and middle clouds, an increase in high cloud cover （due to thermodynamic activity） and other regional climatic adaptations. It is proposed that, beginning in 1995, these cloud cover changes contributed to a ＂green- house＂ effect, leading to the rapid air temperature increases and other regional climate impacts that have been observed over Northwest China.     

Correlations between microphysical properties of large-scale semi-transparent cirrus and the state of the atmosphere

By making use of TOVS Path-B satellite retrievals and ECMWF reanalyses, correlations between bulk microphysical properties of large-scale semi-transparent cirrus (visible optical thickness between 0.7 and 3.8) and thermodynamic and dynamic properties of the surrounding atmosphere have been studied on a global scale. These clouds constitute about half of all high clouds. The global averages (from 60°N to 60°S) of mean ice crystal diameter, D_e, and ice water path (IWP) of these clouds are 55 μm and 30 g m⁻², respectively. IWP of these cirrus is slightly increasing with cloud-top temperature, whereas D_e of cold cirrus does not depend on this parameter. Correlations between D_e and IWp of large-scale cirrus seem to be different in the midlatitudes and in the tropics. However, we observe in general stronger correlations between D_e and IWP and atmospheric humidity and winds deduced from the ECMWF reanalyses: D_e and IWP increase both with increasing atmospheric water vapour. There is also a good distinction between different dynamical situations: In humid situations, IWP is on average about 10 gm⁻² larger in regions with strong large-scale vertical updraft only that in regions with strong large-scale horizontal winds only, whereas the mean D_e of cold large-scale cirrus decreases by about 10 μm if both strong large-scale updraft and horizontal winds are present.     

TOVS卫星反演信息采集处理功能和技术

ＴＯＶＳ卫星反演信息采集处理功能和技术,主要包括省台自动接收、分解、处理来自ＮＯＡＡ极轨气象探测卫星的多通道探测信息的反演资料和通过气象电路获取的由中国气象局卫星气象中心接收、处理后的ＴＯＶＳ反演资料;并研制、设计了ＴＯＶＳ资料的预处理技术和软件,以利于业务应用,这对全国省、市台接收、处理、应用高分辨的ＴＯＶＳ资料有实用价值     

卫星资料变分分析"98·7"武汉-黄石地区特大暴雨中尺度锋面对流特征

采用卫星TOVS反演资料变分-滤波处理技术对1998年7月20～23日武汉-黄石特大暴雨成因进行了诊断分析,研究结果揭示了武汉-黄石特大暴雨过程呈类似中尺度对流复合体(Mesoscale Convective Complex,简称MCC)的中尺度锋面对流系统特征,提出了"98@7"特大暴雨过程存在显著的对流系统的复合偶极子特征,中尺度急流核的垂直复合体结构,中尺度锋面"湿舌"异常特征以及大尺度梅雨系统中的中尺度锋面的"冷楔"以及高层"暖盖"结构,上述综合特征描述了"98@7"特大暴雨过程类似MCC系统的三维中尺度锋面结构物理图像.采用卫星资料变分-滤波处理方案提出大尺度梅雨系统中突发性特大暴雨的中尺度物理模型,其诊断分析及研究结论对"98@7"异常特大暴雨的成因及其形成机理提供了新的研究思路.