Statistical estimation of corner frequency and its application to seismic event-identification

A statistical method is proposed for estimation of the corner frequency. It is based on inference for a stochastic model whose short-term behavior resembles the established source time functions. Properties of the estimates are investigated and some numerical examples are presented. A discussion concerning earthquake–explosion discrimination and the way corner frequency can be related to the rate of zero-crossings is also included. The paper is concluded with some numerical examples.     

Computer-simulation models of scoria cone degradation

Long-term erosional modifications of the relatively simple morphology of scoria (‘cinder') cones are ideally suited for study by field and computer-simulation methods. A series of temporally-distinct cones in the San Francisco and Springerville volcanic fields of Arizona provides the foundation for documenting the degradational evolution of scoria cones in a semi-arid climate. Progressive changes due to erosion are illustrated by the systematic decrease with increasing age of various morphometric parameters, including scoria cone height, cone height/width ratio (H_co/W_co), crater depth/width ratio, and slope angle. For example, Holocene–latest Pleistocene cones in the San Francisco field have a mean H_co/W_co value of 0.178±0.041, a mean maximum slope angle of 29.7±4.2°, and a mean average slope angle of 26.4±7.3°, whereas the group of Pliocene cones have values of 0.077±0.024, 20.5±5.8°, and 8.7±2.7°, respectively. Comparative morphology of scoria cones is a potentially useful dating tool for mapping volcanic fields.In order to better understand the degradational modifications of these volcanic landforms, we have developed a numerical approach to simulate the surficial processes responsible for the erosion of a typical scoria cone. The simulation algorithm can apply either a linear diffusion-equation model or a model with a nonlinear transport law. Using a finite-difference formulation, the simulation operates upon a three-dimensional scoria cone input as a matrix of elevation values. Utilizing both field and model results, the correlation between changing H_co/W_co value, cone age, and computer time step was expressed graphically to derive comprehensive values of the transport or diffusion coefficient (D_f) for both volcanic fields. For the San Francisco volcanic field, D_f had a calculated value of 21.4 m²/kyr for the linear model and 5.3 m/kyr for the nonlinear model, while for the Springerville volcanic field D_f had a calculated value of 24.4 m²/kyr for the linear model and 6.3 m/kyr for the nonlinear model.     

Formulation of discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) — an implicit discrete element model for block systems

Continuum-based numerical methods have played a leading role in the numerical solution of problems in rock mechanics and engineering geology. However, for fractured rocks, a continuum assumption often leads to difficult parameters to define and over-simplified geometry to be realistic. In such case, discrete representations of fractures and individual blocks must be adopted. In this paper, a newly emerged member in the family of discrete element methods (DEM), the discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA), is presented, including its variational principle, governing equations, solution techniques and contact representation and detection algorithms. Its relative advantages and shortcomings are compared with the explicit distinct element method and the finite element method. An example of the analysis of tunnel stability is provided to demonstrate the capability of this new method.     

应用CARMA模型评价矿井疏水对泉流量的影响

受控自回归滑动平均模型是用来描述随机现象中输入与输出关系的一类线性动态模型。本文以大柳塔井田双沟泉域为例,应用该模型分别对双沟泉域在天然条件和矿井疏水条件下的泉流量进行预测,并据此评价矿井疏水对泉流量的影响。     

川东地区天然气勘探开发的三种模式

本文根据川东地区天然气勘探开发历史,系统归纳和总结了成组气田整体勘探开发、多高点滚动勘探开发和多产层立体勘探开发三种模式的勘探程序、勘探部署以及开发特点和原则。以供后续天然气勘探开发决策时参考。     

中国土地荒漠化的概念、成因与防治

荒漠化是指人类历史时期以来,由于人类不合理的经济活动和脆弱生态环境相互作用造成土地生产力下降,土地资源丧失,地表呈现类似荒漠景观的土地退化过程。在中国北方荒漠化形成因素中过度放牧占30．1％,过度农垦占26．9％,过度樵采占32．7％,水资源利用不当占96％,工矿交通建设中不注意环境保护占0．7％,在地区上以北方农牧交错及旱农地区荒漠化最为严重。要采取因地制宜措施和建立健全而完善的治理实施系统以达到生态、经济和社会三个效益的目的。     

盾构隧道衬砌结构受力分析的梁—弹簧系统模型

盾构隧道衬砌结构由若干管片及其间的连接螺栓组成。在其断面受力的工程设计中,目前普遍采用梁-弹簧系统模型来模拟其受力性态。其中,梁可分成直梁和曲梁两类。本文在考虑弹簧刚度的轴向、切向和转动效应的同时,从卡氏（Castigliano）第二定理出发,给出了梁-弹簧模型的矩阵式,并论证了直梁-弹簧模型与曲梁-弹簧模型的一致性关系。在数值模拟计算过程中,还考虑了地层反作用力非线性情形和管片接头转动刚度正、负弯矩时的非对称性问题。     

Ore value-tonnage diagrams for resource assessment

An ore value-tonnage diagram has been proposed for assessing mineral resources. Diagrams of W+Mo, and Pb+Zn deposits show a good linearity between ore value and logarithms of cumulative ore tonnage. Diagrams of the massive sulfide, orthomagmatic, placer, porphyry, replacement, and stratabound types are also linear. It is assumed, therefore, that deposits of each of these commodities and these types belong to a single population. In contrast, the ore value-tonnage relations of all the deposits analyzed here is approximated by the combination of two exponential functions. The same feature is seen for deposits of the Cu+W+Mo, Cu+Pb+Zn, and Au+Ag commodities, and of the vein and unconformity-related types. This suggests that deposits belonging to each of such categories are divided into the high and low value groups. We can expect, accordingly, to find high value deposits of such categories.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地两次强沙尘暴天气分析

１９９６年７月１１～１３日在塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地,沿沙漠公路出现了两场强沙尘暴灾害性天气。应用天气学方法、ＮＯＡＡ气象卫星云图以及沙漠腹地两个定点气象观测站（塔中和肖塘）的地面资料,初步分析了两场强沙尘暴天气形成和发展的环流形势、主要影响系统及地面气象要素演变特征。发现在沙漠腹地因局地热低压发展和南支卷云线共同作用亦可触发中小尺度的强沙尘暴天气。     

岩体中热-水-力耦合模型的新进展

本文综述了岩五力学中热－水－力耦合模型的发展,特别介绍了国际合作项目DECOVAIEX在这一方向上的新进展。