Sediment transport in ice-covered channels

The existence of ice cover has important effects on sediment transport and channel morphology for rivers in areas with an annual occurrence of an ice season. The interaction of sediment transport and s...     

Phosphorus in suspended matter and sediments of a hypertrophic lake. A case study: Lake Dianchi,China

From June 2004 to December 2004, Lake Dianchi, which had large scale of cyanobacterial blooms was investigated in order to study P-fractionation in the suspended matter and the sediment. The investigation improves our understanding of phosphorus in Lake Dianchi and the relationship between phosphorus and cyanobacterial blooms. It contributes to the available literature on the behavior of P in hypertrophic lakes. The distribution of P-fractions in Lake Dianchi was not uniform from northwest to south, but was closely related to the trophic status of the whole lake. The concentrations of total phosphorus, labile P (NH₄Cl-P), Organic P (NaOH-NRP) and loss on ignition in suspended matter were positively correlated with the strength of cyanobacterial blooms. Total phosphorus in suspended matter was relatively stable for almost half an year and closely related to Chl. a concentration. The main content of organic phosphorus is in the cyanobacterial blooms. The concentrations of phosphorus bound to metal oxides and carbonates (NaOH-SRP and HCl-P) in sediment were similar to NaOH-SRP and HCl-P in the corresponding suspended matter. The latter two forms of P in suspended matter were not affected by cyanobacterial blooms, indicating that the inorganic phosphorus is derived from the sediment after resuspension from the sediment due to wind and wave action. The contribution of the different P-fractions to TP in sediment and in suspended matter indicates that NH₄Cl-P in the suspended matter is an important buffer for maintaining dissolved phosphorus in water.     

PSYCHIC – A process-based model of phosphorus and sediment mobilisation and delivery within agricultural catchments. Part 1: Model description and parameterisation

PSYCHIC is a process-based model of phosphorus (P) and suspended sediment (SS) mobilisation in land runoff and subsequent delivery to watercourses. Modelled transfer pathways include release of desorbable soil P, detachment of SS and associated particulate P, incidental losses from manure and fertiliser applications, losses from hard standings, the transport of all the above to watercourses in underdrainage (where present) and via surface pathways, and losses of dissolved P from point sources. The model can operate at two spatial scales, although the scientific core is the same in both cases. At catchment scale, the model uses easily available national scale datasets to infer all necessary input data whilst at field scale, the user is required to supply all necessary data. The model is sensitive to a number of crop and animal husbandry decisions, as well as to environmental factors such as soil type and field slope angle. It is envisaged that the catchment-scale model would provide the first tier of a catchment characterisation study, and would be used as a screening tool to identify areas within the catchment which may be at elevated risk of P loss. This would enable targeted data collection, involving farm visits and stakeholder discussion, which would then be followed up with detailed field-scale modelling. Both tiers allow the effects of possible mitigation options at catchment scale (Tier 1) and field scale (Tier 2) to be explored. The PSYCHIC model framework therefore provides a methodology for identifying critical source areas of sediment and P transfer in catchments and assessing what management changes are required to achieve environmental goals.     

“泾渭分明”的现代特点分析

清浊变化是指常年及汛期的含沙量及输沙量变化。泾河年均径流量仅为渭河的1/2倍(资料截止1997),输沙量却为渭河的2.35倍,含沙量为渭河的4.57倍。现在是泾浊渭清。输沙量与最大流量间为正相关关系,相关系数渭河为0.7516,泾河为0.8279。输沙量季节集中的程度更大,最大月输沙量占年输沙量的71.23%,最大月径流量占年径流量的39.22%。渭河较小的输沙量在于气候干旱导致的径流量减小。泾河较大的输沙量在于泾河流域现代人为活动对生态系统破坏更为严重。     

现场粒径分析仪与ADCP同步测量悬浮沉积物浓度的粒径修正方法

利用后散射强度(ABS)估计悬浮沉积物浓度原理,根据Rayleigh散射理论,给出了利用现场粒径分析仪与声学多普勒流速剖面仪(ADCP)同步测量悬浮沉积物浓度的粒径修正方法,并推导出了一种新的、用于对ABS进行粒径修正的等效粒径计算公式(9)。利用这一公式并结合LISST-100所测的粒径分布信息,可以对ADCP所测的ABS进行粒径修正,其修正方法见式(10)。结合利物浦湾和Anglesey周边海域的现场采样、测量及其分析结果,对上述粒径修正方法进行了验证。分析结果表明,采用上述公式进行粒径修正后,ADCP测量悬浮沉积物浓度的精度有较大程度的提高,线性拟合的相关系数从0．65-0．71提高到0．78-0．88。     

Bioreactor landfill

Following the population expansion, there is a growing threat brought by municipal solid waste (MSW) against environment and human health. Sanitary landfill is the most important method of MSW disposal in China. In contrast to the conventional landfill, this paper introduces a new technique named bioreactor landfill (BL). Mechanisms, operation conditions as well as the advantages and disadvantages of BL are also discussed in this paper.     

悬浮生物填料床-絮凝工艺处理亚硫酸盐制浆中段水研究

针对亚硫酸盐制浆造纸废液中段水可生化降解CODB与不可生化降解CODNB各半的水质特点,采用二级好氧悬浮生物填料浮动床处理及物化絮凝处理的工艺试验,取得了有关试验数据;并根据COD容积负荷与出水残留COD的关系,探讨了利用酶反应动力学曲线预测试验稳定运行状态下出水CODB值。结果表明:利用生化—絮凝两处理技术的优势互补,可使最终排水COD与BOD同时达到国家造纸工业水污染物排放标准。     

CDF(2,2)小波在悬沙图像分析中的应用

利用双正交小波CDF(2,2)分解的各级小波系数能够充分体现悬沙图像中颗粒信息的特点,并结合各级小波中不同的功率分布,提出了一种对各级小波系数进行非线性调整的自适应算法。该算法能够在清除无关背景色的同时,可以最大程度地保留颗粒信息,进而获得很好的二值化图像,有利于颗粒图像的深入分析。     

基于SCO Unix的省级气象信息编辑处理系统

在SCO Unix 5.0.6操作系统下,采用了模块化的编程技术,完成了各类气象资料的查错和打包等功能,将气象资料的处理、发送平台相统一,极大地提高了资料的传输时效,减少了网络维护人员的工作量,减少了国家气象信息中心FTP服务器的负荷。另外,系统完成了基于SCO Unix下特种资料(长文件名资料)的查错、打包和传输,填补了原9210系统基于省级常规气象资料(短文件名资料)的打包及长文件名资料传输上的空白。     

Size effects of suspended particles on gill damage in green-lipped mussel Perna viridis

The green-lipped mussels Perna viridis were exposed to <500 μm suspended solids (SS) with concentrations of 0 (control), 250, 500, 750 and 1000 mg/L for 14 days, followed by transferring to clean, filtered seawater for 28 days. Results of scanning microscopy showed significantly higher damages to the cilia on the frontal surface of the gill filaments than that on the abfrontal surface in both demibranchs. Percent ciliary depletion varied with SS concentrations and time. No sign of recovery of the gill filaments was observed after the mussels were transferred to clean seawater. In a second experiment, mussels were exposed to SS with size range from <63, >125–<250 and >250–<500 μm at 600 mg/L, together with a control (0 mg/L) for 14 days, followed by transferring to clean, filtered seawater for 28 days. Results of scanning microscopy showed significant ciliary damages in both the ascending and descending lamellae under the three particle size groups as compared with the control. Percent depletion of frontal cilia was most serious for the >250–<500 μm size group and least for the <63 μm size group. However, percent depletion of abfrontal cilia was most serious for the >125–<250 μm size group and least for the <63 μm size group. No recovery of ciliary damages was observed. The effects of particle size of suspended sediments on the morphological damages of gill filaments in the green-lipped mussels were discussed.