SEDIMENT DAMAGES AND RECENT TRENDS IN THE UNITED STATES

lINTRODUCTIONWeoftenhavethepercepti0nthatsedimentisthebr0wnishoryell0wishcoloringinrunoffwater,thatlooksunpleasant,buteventually"g0esaway,"downstream,unseen.Butsedimentisn0tonlyaestheticallyunpleasant,itisalsoacarrierofpotentialchemicalc0ntaminants,fillsupwaterb0dies,andcausesphysicaldamaget0farmland,wildlife,andwatertreatmentsystemsandpowergenefat0rs.ThepurposeofthispaPeristoprovidean0verallperspectiveonthemagnitudeandtrendsofsedimelltasap0llutritintheUnitedStates.2CURRENTKNOWLEDG…     

Three-Dimensional Lagrangian Simulation of Suspended Particles in the Neutrally Stratified Atmospheric Surface Layer

A three-dimensional (3-D) inertial particle – Lagrangian stochastic model for heavy particles in turbulent flows has been constructed. In this model, particle velocities are computed by adopting a non-linear drag law, while fluid velocity in the vicinity of a particle is calculated using a 3-D Langevin equation. Our model results have shown that the inclusion of the horizontal fluid velocity fluctuation computations and a non-linear drag law have an impact on the statistics of both fluid and particles when compared with our earlier one-dimensional (1-D) model with a linear drag law. Model results are compared and contrasted with Businger’s 1965 theory in terms of effective settling velocity.     

Relationship between bed shear stress and suspended sediment concentration:annular flume experiments

In this study,annular flume experiments were carried out,using the sediment samples collected from the lower part of the inter-tidal zone at Xiaoyangkou,Jiangsu coast,China.The Ariathurai-Partheniades equation was used to determine the bed shear stress,by evaluating variations in the suspended sediment concentration within the water column.The derived relation between the bed shear stress and suspended sediment concentration shows that,at various stages of seabed erosion, suspended sediment concentration increases rapidly when the flow velocity is increased,but the pattern of change in the bed shear stress does not follow suit.At low concentrations,bed shear stress initially increases markedly with increasing flow velocity.However,when the concentration reaches an apparently critical level around 0.55 kg m"3,the rate of change in the bed shear stress abruptly slows down,or becomes almost constant,in response to further increases in the flow velocity.Results of experiments indicate that,from a critical level onward,suspended sediment concentration has a strong influence on the bed shear stress.     

东海混浊海域悬沙浓度的三维数值模拟及与观测的比较

借助ECOMSED模式进行了东海混浊水海域三维悬浮泥沙输运的数值模拟,其中水动力模拟中考虑了潮汐,海流（包括黑潮,长江径流等）及风场的作用,输运模型中考虑了粘性泥沙的絮凝、粘性和非粘性泥沙的再悬浮等过程。另外,在沉积输运模式中,增加了波浪的作用,使沉积输运模拟更完善,并与2006年8月份在长江口外海域获得的走航断面及定...     

Modelling sediment transport in stream channels in the arid zone of India

Ephemeral channels in arid regions convey larger amounts of sediment than perennial channels in humid regions. Sediment graphs at the outlet of channels have been derived by the standard sediment rating curve technique and by a lumped model based on the instantaneous unit sediment graph (IUSG) concept. The IUSG gives estimates of sediment transport that are better than those derived with the sediment rating curve as it takes into account the availability of erodible material within the channel bed.     

Bioreactor landfill

Following the population expansion, there is a growing threat brought by municipal solid waste (MSW) against environment and human health. Sanitary landfill is the most important method of MSW disposal in China. In contrast to the conventional landfill, this paper introduces a new technique named bioreactor landfill (BL). Mechanisms, operation conditions as well as the advantages and disadvantages of BL are also discussed in this paper.     

菹草石芽萌发及其生长过程的初步探究

研究了光照和温度对菹草石芽萌发的影响及菹草的生长机理。结果表明:1在模拟秋冬季温度条件下不同光照强度对石芽萌发率的影响无规律性,即光照并未对菹草石芽的萌发起促进作用;2石芽在一定时间的低温作用后,恢复常温使石芽的萌发速度和萌发率明显提高,说明石芽的萌发受温度的影响,这也更好地解释了菹草的越冬生长习性及春季部分水体菹草大规模爆发的现象;3石芽随水面波动可吸附大量悬浮物,一般5-7天即可增加足够的重量下沉至水体底部,石芽吸附的悬浮物含有一定的营养成分,能促进石芽的萌发。石芽的萌发机制可为菹草石芽繁殖的影响因素研究提供依据,对栽培菹草具有重要的实践意义。     

Comparing effects of land reclamation techniques on water pollution and fishery loss for a large-scale offshore airport island in Jinzhou Bay,Bohai Sea,China

Plans are being made to construct Dalian Offshore Airport in Jinzhou Bay with a reclamation area of 21 km². The large-scale reclamation can be expected to have negative effects on the marine environment, and these effects vary depending on the reclamation techniques used. Water quality mathematical models were developed and biology resource investigations were conducted to compare effects of an underwater explosion sediment removal and rock dumping technique and a silt dredging and rock dumping technique on water pollution and fishery loss. The findings show that creation of the artificial island with the underwater explosion sediment removal technique would greatly impact the marine environment. However, the impact for the silt dredging technique would be less. The conclusions from this study provide an important foundation for the planning of Dalian Offshore Airport and can be used as a reference for similar coastal reclamation and marine environment protection.     

Spatial variations in surface sediment structure in riffle–pool sequences: a preliminary test of the Differential Sediment Entrainment Hypothesis (DSEH)

Riffle–pool sequences are maintained through the preferential entrainment of sediment grains from pools rather than riffles. This preferential entrainment has been attributed to a reversal in the magnitude of velocity and shear stress under high flows; however the Differential Sediment Entrainment Hypothesis (DSEH) postulates that differential entrainment can instead result from spatial sedimentological contrasts. Here we use a novel suite of in situ grain‐scale field measurements from a riffle–pool sequence to parameterize a physically‐based model of grain entrainment. Field measurements include pivoting angles, lift forces and high resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) acquired using terrestrial laser scanning, from which particle exposure, protrusion and surface roughness were derived. The entrainment model results show that grains in pools have a lower critical entrainment shear stress than grains in either pool exits or riffles. This is because pool grains have looser packing, hence greater exposure and lower pivoting angles. Conversely, riffle and pool exit grains have denser packing, lower exposure and higher pivoting angles. A cohesive matrix further stabilizes pool exit grains. The resulting predictions of critical entrainment shear stress for grains in different subunits are compared with spatial patterns of bed shear stress derived from a two‐dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of the reach. The CFD model predicts that, under bankfull conditions, pools experience lower shear stresses than riffles and pool exits. However, the difference in sediment entrainment shear stress is sufficiently large that sediment in pools is still more likely to be entrained than sediment in pool exits or riffles, resulting in differential entrainment under bankfull flows. Significantly, this differential entrainment does not require a reversal in flow velocities or shear stress, suggesting that sedimentological contrasts alone may be sufficient for the maintenance of riffle–pool sequences. This finding has implications for the prediction of sediment transport and the morphological evolution of gravel‐bed rivers. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

煤矿隐蔽特大突水通道快速封堵技术研究

2011年8月6日14时,临近黄河的韩城禹昌煤矿在11^#煤层回采过程中发生底板奥灰水突水,突水通过相邻煤矿采空区,并与8月7日零时5分许冲跨桑树坪煤矿北二车场绕道封闭墙进入斜井280m大巷,很快淹没整个大巷系统造成斜井整体淹井事故。在进行了井上、下水文地质调查、物探、钻探探查和示踪剂测试、水质化验与综合分析研究的基础上,初步确定了突水点与过水通道的区域,结合矿井11#煤层顶、底板、奥灰岩峰峰二段水文地质条件特征,采取了骨料灌注沉积法和松散体注浆加固法,成功隔离了两个矿井之间的水力联系。经过单位吸水率、追排水量、水位变化、残余出水量检验,达到了预期目的,实现了隐蔽突水点及过水通道快速封堵,为矿井全面恢复生产提供了重要保障。