内蒙古红柳大泉勘查区煤层煤质特征研究

内蒙古自治区额济纳旗红柳大泉侏罗纪山间盆地,面积大于2 400 km~2,聚煤作用发生于盆地边缘部位,全区预测煤炭资源量约2亿t。该文利用钻探及测井数据,分析认为该区龙凤山组主采煤层(4煤层)在西区呈西厚东薄、北厚南薄的趋势;在东区呈南厚北薄的特点。4煤层煤类为长焰煤,高挥发分、低硫、中高发热量、中灰,且灰分含量沿盆地边缘向盆地中心明显减少,西区焦油产率沿盆地边缘向盆地中心明显增加。探讨了煤炭开发利用方向为动力燃料用煤、民用煤。主采煤层其自燃倾向性属容易自燃—自燃,应切实做好防、灭火工作。     

燃烧试验在煤的放射性环境评价方法研究中的应用

采集康平、沈北、东梁、辽阳、阜新、浑江、舒兰、海拉尔、珲春、凉水、七台河共11处煤矿样品,设置了燃烧试验,使煤在近密闭燃烧炉中燃烧,杜绝飞灰造成的物质损失,然后测定煤及其对应灰分的²³⁸U、²³²Th、²²⁶Ra、⁴⁰K活度.分析得出：在理论燃烧状态下,假设燃烧无飞灰产生,煤灰的²³⁸U、²³²Th、²²⁶Ra、⁴⁰K天然放射性核素富集因子f与煤灰分比Ad的乘积为1.根据煤燃烧后核素的迁移富集规律和影响辐射水平的核素权重,提出了应用于煤的比活度、吸收剂量率、年吸收剂量、内辐射指数等放射性环境评价参考值.经11处煤矿验证,评价结果可以反映煤灰的辐射水平,辐射水平排序与实际测量结果基本一致.     

Development of techniques for monitoring gas-phase sodium species formed during coal combustion and gasification

The development of techniques suitable for on-line analysis of gas-phase molecular sodium species, resulting from the combustion and gasification of low-rank coals is described. In particular two techniques have been demonstrated, these are: (a) laser-induced photofragment fluorescence and (b) microwave spectroscopy. The photofragment technique can be applied in situ and yields excellent detection limits (<0.1 ppb of NaCl and 1 ppb NaOH) with good discrimination between the two major gas-phase species — NaCl and NaOH. Limitations of this technique include absorption of the ultraviolet (UV) photolysis excitation by other chemical species and particulates. Microwave spectroscopy shows promise in determining the sodium species distribution in the gas-phase. A purpose built analytical instrument (known as MILLIJET HT) is being developed for application in high-temperature environments. Early results indicate detection limits of <100 ppb NaCl. Lack of sensitivity for NaOH is being attributed to the formation of NaOH dimers and larger clusters. Detailed calculations of the dimer structure and the dimer-monomer reaction have been undertaken in order to maximise the performance of the instrument.     

应用DTM改善煤层自燃的热红外探测

根据遥感物理基础，提出了应用ＤＴＭ计算出地表的太阳辐射强度，并以此为依据校正ＴＭ第６波段的象元值，消除地形的影响，突出由煤层自燃引起的地表热异常，为灭火工程及火区动态监测提供信息和指导。文中选择了新疆准南煤田的硫磺沟火区为试验区，展示了研究的成果。     

淮南二叠纪煤及其燃烧产物地球化学特征

采用仪器中子活化分析法INAA（instrumental neutron activation analysis)测试了淮南煤田二叠纪主采煤层原煤煤样的地球化学组成，用X－射线荧光光谱XRFS（X－ray fluorescence spectrometry)测试了田家庵和洛河电厂的粉煤灰地球化学组成并与煤样作了对比分析，用电子探针测试了飞灰中主要类型颗粒的化学组成，淮南煤中多数微量元素属正常水平，与克拉克值相比，元素Se,S,As,Sb,Br,U和Cl等在煤中趋于富集，其他元素均趋于分散，有机亲和性弱的亲石元素趋于在粉煤灰中聚集，与铁关系密切的金属元素在粉煤灰中有明显的富集，有机亲合性强的元素在燃烧过程中趋于以气态形式向空气中逸散，粉煤灰中因矿物与粒度的分异明显，致使其化学组成在不同的粒度级和比重级中的分布也有较大的不同，飞灰中一些不定形颗粒主要由铁的氧化物和少量其他金属氧化物组成，硅酸盐类颗粒主要由硅，铝和铁的氧化物所组成，而玻璃珠主要由硅和铝的氧化物组成，残碳中测得的砷，硫和氯的含量最高，说明其对这些元素具有较强的吸附能力，研究粉煤灰的成分特点有助于粉煤灰的综合利用和评价其对环境的 影响。     

燃烧－离子色谱法测定地质物料中的硫

文章介绍了用自制氧瓶，氧气燃烧－离了色谱法测定地质物料中Ｓ。实验了最佳吸收条件。对含Ｓ为０．０８６％的地球化学标样ＧＳＲ－４测定６次，其平均值为０．０８４％，相对标准偏差ＲＳＤ为１．５８％。     

Stable carbon isotopic analysis of sedimentary organic matter by stepped combustion

A stepped combustion technique, incremental heating in oxygen, has been used to study the carbon isotopic composition of carbonaceous sediments. This technique can afford data on the organic matter of the sediment and can give information on the structure, namely the variations in the isotopic composition of different portions, of the kerogen. Green River shale has been used as a model material and results indicate that it contains two distinct carbonaceous components, a carbonate and kerogen. Isotopic compositions for the kerogen measured by stepped combustion closely match those obtained by normal methods following preconcentration of the kerogen by mineral removal and solvent extraction.The variation in isotopic composition with combustion temperature has been used to investigate relationships with maturity and to look at its use as a possible correlation tool.     

Morphological and strength analysis of PCC bottom ash amended with bentonite

Within the last few years several studies have been completed to evaluate strength, stiffness, and durability properties of pulverized coal combustion (PCC) bottom ash mixed with various admixtures. Studies have shown that strength and stiffness of PCC bottom ash mixed with sodium bentonite changes with the increase in the curing period. Researchers have concluded that this change is due to the chemical composition of the bottom ash and bentonite. In order to understand the reasons for the change in characteristics of bottom ash-bentonite mixtures with time, the strength and structural characteristics of bottom ash-bentonite mixtures cured for various periods was evaluated. Results of the strength testing showed increase in strength and stiffness of the mixtures with curing period. The results of structural analysis using environmental scanning electron microscopy show development of fibrous elements which may cause increase in the unconfined compressive strength and stiffness of the mixtures with the curing period. Selected results from this study are presented herein.     

Clay with high fluorine and endemic fluorosis caused by indoor combustion of coal in southwestern China

Indoor coal-combustion type fluorosis is the only type of endemic disease that still lacks effective method of prevention and control. By the end of 2000, there had been 33901 thousand peoples living in the indoor coal-combustion-type fluorosis area, including 17695 thousand patients of dental fluorosis, and 1465 thousand patients with skeletal fluorosis. Guizhou is the province that suffers mostly from indoor coal-combustion-type fluorosis. 28.11% of the total population of Guizhou Province, 14489 thousand peoples, including 9910 thousand dental fluorosis patients, are living in indoor coal-combustion-type fluorosis area in Guizhou Province （NSB, 2000）. During the period of 1980-1984, the following results were proved by authors ： （1） there is no positive relationship between fluorine concentrations in foodstuff and in soils and rocks; （2） absorbed fluorine from indoor combustion formed high fluorine content foodstuffs. Fluorine emitted from combustion was acid-soluble fluorine; and （3） of the two factors that induced fluorosis,     

Ambient nanoparticles/nanominerals and hazardous elements from coal combustion activity:Implications on energy challenges and health hazards

Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel in the world. Because of the growth of coal mining, coal-fired power plants and coal-burning industries, the increase of the emission of particulates(coarse, fine or ultrafine)is of great concern. There is a relationship between increasing human morbidity and mortality and progressive environmental air pollution caused by these types of particles. Thus, the knowledge of the physico-chemical composition and ambient concentrations of coal-derived nanoparticles will improve pollution control strategy. Given the current importance of this area of research, the advanced characterization of this coal combustion-derived nanoparticles/nanominerals as well as hazardous elements is likely to be one of the hottest research fields in coming days. In this review, we try to compile the existing knowledge on coal-derived nanoparticles/nanominerals and discuss the advanced level of characterization techniques for future research. This review also provides some of aspects of health risks associated with exposure to ambient nanoparticles. In addition, the presence of some of the hazardous elements in coal and coal combustion activities is also reviewed.