一种柴油机热力循环火用平衡计算法

针对柴油机热力循环的特点,提出了一种柴油机火用平衡计算方法,该方法可以计算出工质与冷却介质之间由于温差传热而引起的火用损失。计算结果表明,减少排气损失和工质与冷却水的温差传热损失、改善燃料燃烧过程是提高内燃机可用能利用率的主要途径。     

Effect of NO2 in exhaust gas from an oxyfuel combustion system on the cap rock of a proposed CO2 injection site

A laboratory geochemical study was conducted using a drill core sample of cap rock from the Surat Basin, Australia, to investigate the effect of NO₂ contained in the CO₂ gas exhausted from the oxyfuel combustion process (oxyfuel combustion CO₂) on the cap rock. A gas (CO₂ containing NO₂) was prepared to simulate the exhaust gas produced from the oxyfuel combustion process. Two types of gases (pure CO₂ and CO₂ containing SO₂) were also prepared as reference gases. The effect of NO₂ on cap rock was studied experimentally using these gases. No differences in the amounts of leached ions and pH changes for CO₂ containing NO₂ (36 ppmv), pure CO₂, and CO₂ containing SO₂ (35 ppmv) existed. The pH values decreased immediately after CO₂ gas injection but increased with time as a result of mineral buffering. Leaching of Fe, Mg, Ca, and K was suggested to have occurred as the result of dissolution of Fe-chlorite, prehnite and illite-smectite mixed layer clay in the shale sample. The amounts of Ca, Fe, and Mg leached with CO₂ containing NO₂ (318 ppmv) were higher than those for pure CO₂. For the mixture containing 318 ppmv NO₂, the pH increased more than that for the other gas conditions immediately after the pH fall at the start of the experiment, because oxidation-reduction reactions occurred between Fe²⁺ and NO₃⁻. Moreover, the results indicated that some of the leached Ca and Fe were deposited on the shale sample because of the pH increase. Therefore, we concluded that the effects of NO₂ on mineral dissolution and pH changes of formation water are negligible when oxyfuel combustion CO₂ containing about 30 ppmv of NO₂ is injected into an underground aquifer. In addition, even if about 300 ppmv NO₂ is accidentally injected into the underground aquifer, mineral dissolution is suppressed due to the buffering of pH decrease after gas injection.     

Measurement of 34S/32S Ratios of NBS 120c and BCR 32 Phosphorites Using Purge and Trap EA‐IRMS Technology

Measurements of sulfur stable isotope ratios (³⁴S/³²S) have suffered from technical difficulties in analysing low‐S materials reducing their use despite their undeniable scientific interest. The measurement of ³⁴S/³²S ratios is a powerful tool for deciphering problems such as determining the sources of environmental pollutants, to detect adulteration, tracking the evolution of the redox state of the oceans and quantifying the role of the bacterial activity in sulfide minerals genesis. We have used a high‐precision method of sulfur isotope determination using a new type of elemental analyser based on ‘purge and trap’ technology. This new technique demonstrates the high quality of ³⁴S/³²S measurements for samples with S concentrations lower than 1% m/m. International calibrated references of diverse sulfur‐bearing materials were used to calibrate two low (< 1%) S‐bearing phosphorites used as compositional reference material for future use as isotopic references: BCR 32 and NBS 120c. δ³⁴S_CDT values of, respectively, 18.2‰ (1s = 0.3; n = 23) and 18.3‰ (1s = 0.4; n = 20) are proposed for these. Calibration of both phosphorites with international reference materials led to calculation of a mean standard error close to 0.4‰. The demonstration of a capability to reliably measure S isotope ratios in low‐S phosphate minerals or rocks opens up new fields of palaeoenvironmental reconstructions.     

CaO/MgO比对固硫剂固硫率的影响

通过对不同燃烧温度和固硫剂添加量下CaO/MgO之比与固硫率之间关系的研究发现,燃烧温度相同而CaO/MgO之比不同时,固硫率不同;燃烧温度不同时,最佳CaO/MgO之比也不同,而且随温度升高而向CaO增多、MgO减少的方向变化。最佳固硫温度以及固硫剂添加量均和CaO/MgO之比与固硫率之间的关系无关。      

半干喷雾法脱除燃煤锅炉烟气中硫、氮技术及装置

通过理论分析和试验研究发现,利用锅炉碱性排污水或化学碱性水对锅炉尾部烟道进行喷雾,可以达到脱除烟气中SOx、MOx的目的,并取得了良好效果。其技术关键是喷淋雾化方式、喷雾水量、喷雾水的碱度及烟道结构对气-汽两相流之间混合湍动的影响。该方法具有投资少、运行费用低、运行简单可靠、脱硫脱氮效果好、不产生二次污染和烟道阻力及腐蚀小等特点。针对我国燃煤锅炉量大、面广、分散的特点,该方法具有广阔的应用前景。     

煤巷高冒区遗煤自燃数值模拟分析

煤巷高冒区因遗煤易自燃而成为煤矿内因火灾的重要危险源之一。本文在分析高冒区遗煤赋存状态的基础上,结合平煤十三矿11111巷道高冒区实际情况,应用FLUENT软件,对高冒区漏风风速、温度、氧气浓度以及CO浓度的分布进行了数值模拟。模拟结果表明：高冒区中部漏风在自燃风速范围内;在高冒区内,高温点出现在中部;高冒区中部氧气消耗量最大,煤氧反应产物CO浓度在高冒区中部最高。根据高冒区温度、氧气浓度、CO浓度、漏风风速的分布规律,可将高冒区划分为“易自燃带”和“不易自燃带”。     

红外碳硫仪测定红土矿中硫的质量分数

采用高频燃烧-红外吸收法侧定红土矿中硫,称样量的选择、助熔剂的用量以及助熔剂的使用顺序,利用单点校正的方法测定标准样品进行标准曲线的系数的校正,从而获得准确的分析数据。     

堇青石合成的研究进展

堇青石是一种具有较低热膨胀系数、良好抗热震性的矿物材料。天然的堇青石矿物原料很少,因此常常采用人工合成的方法来合成堇青石材料。本文根据近年来合成堇青石的最新研究,论述了堇青石合成方法的研究进展,具体包括高纯氧化物高温固相反应合成法、天然矿物高温固相反应合成法、利用工业废料合成法、利用农业废料合成法、溶胶-凝胶法和低温燃烧合成法。目前工业化生产堇青石大多采用天然矿物高温固相反应法,此法虽有众多优点,但同时也存在许多的不足之处。因此,如何能将其他方法用于工业化生产,将成为合成堇青石今后研究中的一个发展方向。     

燃烧氧化-非分散红外吸收总有机碳分析仪测定海水DOC 的不确定度分析

采用实验测定和误差分析的方法, 对燃烧氧化-非分散红外吸收总有机碳分析仪vario TOC cube测定海水DOC 含量的不确定度进行了分析, 对导致测定结果不确定度的各分量进行了量化估算。结果表明, 其测定结果的不确定度主要来源于四个方面, 即样品重复性测量、标准曲线拟合、标准溶液配制(包括称量、定容、移液产生的不确定度, 标准物质纯度和相对原子质量产生的不确定度)及测量仪器本身, 相对标准不确定度分量分别为0.016、0.018、0.0086、0.0079。标准曲线拟合与样品重复性测量是影响海水DOC 测定不确定度的主要因素, 但标准溶液配制和测量仪器所引起的不确定度亦不可忽略。对实际海水DOC 浓度为1.20 mg/L 的样品分析,合成以上四种不确定度分量得到DOC 测定结果的标准不确定度为0.21 mg/L。按照正态分布,取扩展因子k=2, 则扩展不确定度为0.07 mg/L, 此海水样品中DOC 含量的测定结果应为(1.20±0.07) mg/L(k= 2)。     

H2O/CO2污染对煤油燃料超声速燃烧影响数值研究

在纯净空气与H₂O/ CO₂污染空气来流对比试验结果基础上,采用数值计算方法和化学动力学方法,研究了H₂O和CO₂污染组分对煤油燃料超声速燃烧的影响,获得了试验手段难以得到的燃烧室流场参数和性能数据。完成了相应的煤油燃料超声速燃烧室二维数值计算,其中匹配了进口总温、总压、马赫数、氧气摩尔分数和工作当量油气比。将数值计算结果与相应试验测量值进行了对比分析,并结合燃烧室流场数据、性能参数分析了H₂O和CO₂污染的动力学影响、以及对燃烧室性能的影响。研究表明:(1)数值计算结果与实验测量值总体上吻合,两种手段均体现了纯净空气来流时不同煤油当量油气比的燃烧室性能,并反映了一致的“污染效应”影响趋势;(2) H₂O污染、H₂O+ CO₂污染的存在降低了煤油燃料超声速燃烧室性能,体现在燃烧诱导压升、燃烧效率、流向冲量增量的下降,而且随着污染组分含量的增加,燃烧室性能下降越加显著。 