一次下击暴流显著弓形回波特征

利用天气图、卫星云图和天津新一代天气雷达资料对2007年7月31日凌晨发生在蓟县的强风过程进行分析。结果表明：此次过程是弓形回波与超级单体在合并过程中产生的下击暴流过程而并非龙卷过程。2007年7月30日夜间至31日凌晨,一条自西南向东北方向移动的弓形回波,先后影响天津地区的6个区县产生雷阵雨短时暴雨天气,最大雨强为37.6 mm.h-1,但6个气象站均未出现飑、冰雹和地面大风。对连续观测的雷达资料分析发现,反射率因子图上,显示一条维持了5 h多的弓形回波在移动过程中与一个预先存在低质心的超级单体在蓟县山区合并,产生了下击暴流;反射率因子图上弱回波缺口出现;同时弓形回波形态发生改变,2.4°仰角以上产生断裂;最大雷达反射率因子为53 dBz。在相对径向速度图上,早期呈现为明显的后侧入流急流,后期有中气旋生成并伴有中低层辐散;高层出现强反气旋特征。风暴发展高度较高,回波顶高超过15 km,随着下击暴流的发生,反射率因子核有一个3 km的急降。     

一次弓状回波和超级单体过程分析

本文利用济南CINRAD/SA雷达的探测资料对2005年7月12日发生在山东境内的一次弓状回波和超级单体过程分析表明,这次弓状回波和超级单体产生在东北低涡横槽转竖及真潜在不稳定的天气形势下.雷达本站的风廓线清楚揭示了横槽转竖前后的高空风场变化,对强对流天气的临近预报具有指示意义.横槽转竖时弓状回波产生,反射率因子图上后侧入流槽口的出现是弓状回波即将形成的前兆信号.一个典型超级单体产生在弓状回波头部前方的暖区中,二者相互作用合并后强度加强.弓状回波具有持续产生中气旋的能力.中气旋多出现在其头部和颈部的前沿,绝大部分中气旋产生冰雹和大风等灾害性天气.     

Lightning evolution related to radar-derived microphysics in the 21 July 1998 EULINOX supercell storm

Results of a combined analysis of data from a C-band polarimetric Doppler radar and a 3D VHF interferometric lightning mapping system, as obtained during the European Lightning Nitrogen Oxides project (EULINOX) field campaign, are presented. For 21 July 1998, the lightning data from a supercell thunderstorm weakly indicate a tendency for a bi-level vertical distribution of lightning VHF emissions around the −15°C and −30°C temperature levels. Also, in some parts of the clouds, evidence is found for the presence of a lower positive charge center near the freezing level. However, where strong vertical motions prevail, VHF emissions are not organized in horizontal layers but in oblique or vertical regions. Correlation of VHF signals with radar quantities shows that in the growing storm, peak VHF activity is low and related to reflectivity factors around 30 dBZ, while after the mature stage, the peak VHF activity is about three times larger. The highest density of VHF signals is now found near reflectivity factors of 45 dBZ. A polarimetric hydrometeor classification indicates that during storm development, most lightning activity occurs where graupel and, secondarily, snow and small dry hail are present. In the decaying phase of the supercell hailstorm, however, most lightning VHF emissions stem from the region with hail and heavy rain. Furthermore, while the VHF signal frequency per cubic kilometer in the graupel and rain regions remains nearly constant throughout the supercell life cycle, the signal frequency in the hail region rises during storm decay.     

Automatic identification of mesocyclones and significant wind structures in Doppler radar images

The main objective of this work is to present the first version of the automatic mesocyclone detection algorithm for the Spanish weather Doppler radar, which has been developed during the last year at the Spanish Meteorological Service (INM). Taking into account that mesocyclones and other significant wind structures can be readily detected by single Doppler radar, the algorithm is based on the NSSL-MDA (The National Severe Storms Laboratory Mesoscale Detection Algorithm) approximation. It is specifically designed to automatically detect and identify radial velocity patterns associated with small-scale vortices and others wind structures. The different steps in the algorithm will be discussed and the application to a real situation will be presented. During 2004, the algorithm has been tested in an experimental phase, trying to adjust the needed parameters and thresholds. The plan for the future is to implement it within the operational procedure to automatically identify, analyse, diagnose, track and extrapolate convective structures and cells in radar data, improving the ability of the forecasters to provide timely warning of hazardous convective events.     

A multiscale observational case study of an isolated tornadic supercell

This work deals with the analysis of an isolated tornadic supercell thunderstorm that took place on the plain of Friuli Venezia Giulia (Italy) causing several damage. The analysis is performed using different kind of data, looking in the available information for possible signatures that could be helpful in the forecasting and nowcasting procedures. The analysis reveals that rather than a single cause for the tornadic storm development, there is an “interaction” of several effects. In particular, a favorable environment seems to be produced by the interplay between synoptic and mesoscale environments with a fundamental role played by orography. Radar data, in particular Doppler measurements, are fundamental to the recognition and interpretation of the events but in this particular case they could give little useful information for the forecasting and nowcasting procedures. The most robust signals of an environment prone to the onset of severe deep moist convection come from the thermal gradients at the ground and by the vertical profile analysis. The reason why the event took place in that specific place and not in others is still unknown.     

2017年北京北部一次罕见强弓状飑线过程演变和机理

2017年7月7日下午至午夜,河北西北部和北京中北部发生了一次罕见的最大瞬时风力将近12级并伴有大冰雹的强弓状飑线过程,其触发、演变和维持机制等具有较高研究价值。综合多种观测资料和NCEP分析资料,利用“配料法”分析了该次飑线过程的环境条件、触发、演变、风暴结构和弓形回波的形成与维持机制。飑线发生在500 hPa冷涡西南部的前倾槽和低空急流形势下;超过2000 J/kg的对流有效位能（CAPE）、强0—6 km和0—3 km风垂直切变为弓状飑线及其相关超级单体的生成和维持、大冰雹和地面强风的形成提供了有利条件;较低的湿球温度0℃层（~3.8 km）是有利于大冰雹形成的融化层高度;对流层中层高达30℃温度露点差与大的垂直减温率造成环境大气具有强的下沉对流有效位能（DCAPE）,利于弓形回波和地面大风的形成。初始对流形成于西北风和西南偏西风之间的地面辐合线附近。地面大风和冰雹主要分布于低黑体亮温（TBB）和以正闪为主的闪电活跃处。雷达回波显示飑线先由线状对流系统发展成为团状超级单体对流系统,最后演变成弓状飑线。超级单体阶段和飑线阶段都有明显的回波悬垂、弱回波区、中气旋（飑线成熟后期为中涡旋）、强后侧入流及其伴随的入流缺口等;对流层中层急流和大的温度露点差是形成强下沉气流并发展出弓状特征的主要原因;大的对流有效位能和下沉对流有效位能以及强风垂直切变是飑线维持的原因。      

广东佛山EF3级龙卷超级单体风暴高分辨率数值模拟

本文对2015年10月4日发生于广东佛山地区台风"彩虹"登陆后螺旋云带中的一次强龙卷风过程进行高分辨率（148 m,48 m）数值模拟,结果产生了类龙卷涡旋（Tornado-Like Vortex,TLV）,最接近观测到的龙卷风,并对龙卷超级单体及产生龙卷的TLV系统的三维动热力精细化结构进行诊断分析.结果表明,此次龙卷产生于超级单体右侧边缘,钩状回波显著,伴有明显的中气旋活动.模拟的龙卷超级单体与之前观测研究和理想化建模的龙卷超级单体结构相类似,超级单体后部云墙之下低层水成物呈现狭窄的触地漏斗状结构,对应低层的TLV系统;TLV具有中心气流下沉和周围气流上升的动力结构,对应上宽下窄的强烈涡管.与之前的研究相比,本次台风螺旋云带中的超级单体中后部入流较弱,出流较强,其前部气流上升存在水合物聚集.相对螺旋度（Storm Relative Helicity,SRH）的分析表明,超级单体的发展伴随正负SRH的增大,龙卷发生在SRH正负高值区的交界处.     

强雹暴的雷达三体散射统计与个例分析

利用我国各地11次强对流事件中23个产生S波段雷达三体散射的雹暴的新一代天气雷达数据,总计499个三体散射样本资料,综合并详细地讨论了我国S波段多普勒天气雷达三体散射的统计特征,也讨论了将这一现象应用于强冰雹辅助预警的可能性。同时对目前国内S波段雷达所观测到的最典型的三体散射个例从"三体散射回波"出现到消失的全过程进行了仔细分析,结果表明:(1)在最小反射率因子显示阈值为-5 dBz的情况下,产生S波段雷达三体散射的最小反射率因子在60 dBz左右,86%的三体散射长钉(TBSS)出现在反射率因子强度≥63 dBz时;(2)TBSS长度与强反射率因子核心区面积大小及反射率因子核最大强度呈密切的正相关,也就是说,反射率因子核心强度越大,高反射率因子的区域越大,TBSS的长度就越长;(3)TBSS出现的最大高度为12.5 km,最低高度是1.1 km;61%的TBSS出现在3~6 km高度之间,TBSS在4~5 km高度出现次数最多,然后向上、向下减少;TBSS长度≥10 km的出现次数同样以4~5 km高度最多,然后向上、向下迅速减少;(4)TBSS主要在雹暴位于雷达的西半边时出现;(5)雹暴云在不同性质的下垫面上空均能产生雷达TBSS;(6)TBSS的持续时间几乎都超过30 min,其中持续时间在30~60 min的情况居多,还有部分TBSS持续时间超过90 min;(7)在出现TBSS时,几乎所有雹暴都降了2 cm以上的强冰雹,同时80%左右的产生2 cm以上直径冰雹的强雹暴都产生了三体散射,因此TBSS可以作为强冰雹的一辅助预警指标,以有效降低强冰雹预警的虚警率;(8)在产生三体散射的23个强雹暴中,有一半以上是超级单体和准超级单体风暴,超级单体雹暴中的中气旋有利于大冰雹的形成。     

超级单体风暴中大冰雹增长机制的模拟研究

为调查超级单体中大冰雹的运行增长机制,使用三维冰雹分档对流云模式结合三维粒子运行增长模式,对一例超级单体风暴进行了数值模拟.实测风暴的结构如中气旋、弱回波区、前悬回波等被很好地模拟再现,显示了模式对超级单体具有良好的模拟能力.雹胚在风暴发展阶段由过冷雨滴冻结产生,主要分布在主上升气流区上部,在主上升气流区西北侧中高层也有相当数量的雹胚粒子,冰雹主要分布在主上升气流区东侧.风暴发展阶段产生的雹胚有7％～8％增长到1 cm以上,1％左右增长到2 cm以上,这些大冰雹绝大多数起源于主上升气流区北侧的高层云区,气旋性进入主上升气流区按照简单的上—下形式增长,少数大冰雹起源于主上升气流区西北侧风暴后部中高层,气旋性地沿着主上升气流区的边缘按照下—上—下形式运动增长,表明了超级单体中大冰雹存在两条增长路径.