An integrated analysis of air pollution from US coal-fired power plants

The United States is one of the world's leaders in electricity production, generating about 4116 billion kWh in 2021, of which coal accounted for 21.8% of the total. This study applies an integrated approach using both terrestrial and satellite data to specifically examine emissions from coal-fired power plants and its spatial extent. The study also highlights the effectiveness of government policies to reduce emissions. It was found that emission of pollutants from the country's energy sector has been steadily declining, with annual emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and nitrogen oxides (NO_x) decreasing from the US electric power sector between 1990 and 2020 by 93.4% and 84.8%, respectively, and carbon dioxide (CO₂) by 37% between 2007 and 2020. Although overall emissions from coal-fired power plants are declining, some individual plants have yet to install environmental equipment to control emissions. According to US government data, major emitters of SO₂, NO_x, and CO₂ in the US are the Martin Lake power plant in East Texas, the Labadie power plant near St. Louis, Missouri, and the James H Miller Jr plant near Birmingham, Alabama. This study also integrates TROPOMI satellite data to detect point emissions from individual power plants. While the highest levels of measured pollutants were over the country's major cities and areas of fossil fuel extraction, TROPOMI could clearly distinguish the pollution caused by power plants in more rural areas. Although the US has made great strides in reducing emissions from coal-fired power plants, these plants still represent a major source of pollution and remain a major concern. Totally eliminating coal as a power source will be difficult with the higher power demands resulting from the transition to electric automobiles.     

碳酸型矿水中低价铁氧化过程的水化学实验研究

铁元素氧化还原体系是影响天然水环境化学性质的重要因素。碳酸水生物活性组分之一的二价铁离子，是此类矿水中铁元素主要存在形式。碳酸水矿泉治疗学性质的恶性过程即主要为二价铁的氧化，我们的实验显示，碳酸水暴露于大气后，二价铁含量呈指数型衰减，三价铁含量出现峰值后即行降低，此峰值域基本对应于水溶液氧化还原电位的低值域，在氧化过程中，高价铁几乎全部以Ｆｅ（ＯＨ０３形式存在于水中，且Ｆｅ（ＯＨ）３）胶体沉淀的最     

塔里木盆地哈得逊油田东河砂岩油藏原油伴生气二氧化碳的碳同位素组成特征及成因初探

哈得逊油田东河砂岩油藏由哈得1号和哈得4号两个圈闭组成。16口油井原油伴生气中CO2的含量在0.46%～4.97%,δ13CCO2值分布在-12.3‰～-7.0‰,这两组数值在油田不同地区呈有规律的分布,由北往南,均逐渐增加,至哈得4号圈闭内δ13CCO2达到峰值。依据现有的CO2成因鉴别标准,它们既有有机成因,也有无机成因。与其伴生的氦气的3He/4He值为n×10-8,具有典型的壳源沉积特征。综合分析认为,东河砂岩油藏中的CO2主要来源于无机成因的海相碳酸盐岩和东河砂岩储层中钙质胶结物的热分解。δ13CCO2值和CO2含量分布的不均匀性可能与油藏正在充注调整有关。     

TSR产物对碳酸盐岩储层是否具有改良作用——实验地质学的依据

采用SYS-1型碳酸盐岩溶蚀速率测定仪,选取四川东北地区5种碳酸盐岩样进行溶蚀实验,研究了三种主要TSR流体产物对碳酸盐岩的改造作用。H2S的溶蚀能力相对较强,在120℃温度下对微晶灰岩的溶蚀率可达17.09%;CO2的溶蚀能力次之;水的溶蚀作用可以忽略不计。H2S和CO2这两种酸性溶液的溶蚀能力从常温到200℃呈较强—强—弱的变化趋势,其中CO2的最大溶蚀率所处温度范围为60～90℃,H2S的最大溶蚀率所处温度范围为60～150℃。TSR产物中的酸性气体可以对储层进行改造,但不一定能够改良储层,而TSR过程中石膏向方解石的转变可以使储层孔隙度增加,从而改良储层物性。     

金迁移的一种可能机理——羰基络合物

本文提出金迁移的一种可能机理，一价金与一氧化碳结合形成〔Ａｕ（ＣＯ）２〕＾＋。它可能是成矿流体中金迁移的重要形式。     

Analysis of growing season carbon and water fluxes of a subalpine wetland in the Canadian Rocky Mountains: Implications of shade on ecosystem water use efficiency

Mountain regions are an important regulator in the global water cycle through their disproportionate water contribution. Often referred to as the “Water Towers of the World”, mountains contribute 40%–60% of the world's annual surface flow. Shade is a common feature in mountains, where complex terrain cycles land surfaces in and out of shadows over daily and seasonal scales, which can impact water use. This study investigated the turbulent water and carbon dioxide (CO₂) fluxes during the snow-free period in a subalpine wetland in the Canadian Rocky Mountains, from 7 June to 10 September 2018. Shading had a significant and substantial effect on water and CO₂ fluxes at our site. When considering data from the entire study period, each hourly increase of shade per day reduced evapotranspiration (ET) and gross primary production (GPP) by 0.42 mm and 0.77 g C m^?2, equivalent to 17% and 15% per day, respectively. However, the variability in shading changed throughout the study, it was stable to start and increased towards the end. Only during the peak growing season, the site experienced days with both stable and increasing shade. During this time, we found that shade, caused by the local complex terrain, reduced ET and potentially increased GPP, likely due to enhanced diffuse radiation. The overall result was greater water use efficiency during periods of increased shading in the peak growing season. These findings suggest that shaded subalpine wetlands can store large volumes of water for late season runoff and are productive through short growing seasons.