The Influence Of Vertical Wind Direction Shear On Dispersion In The Convective Boundary Layer, And Its Incorporation In Coastal Fumigation Models

The mean concentration distributionwithin a plume released from a point source in the atmosphericboundary layer can be greatly influenced by the systematic turningof wind with height (i.e. vertical wind direction shear). Such aninfluence includes a deflection of the plume centroid, with anassociated shearing of the vertical plume cross-section, and anenhancement of dispersion, in the horizontal plane. Wind directionshear is normally not accounted for in coastal fumigation models,although dispersion observations with shear acting as acontrolling parameter are not uncommon. A three-dimensionalLagrangian stochastic model is used to investigate the influenceof uniform wind direction shear on the diffusion of a point-sourceplume within the horizontally homogeneous convective boundarylayer, with the source located at the top of the boundary layer.Parameterisations are developed for the plume deflection andenhanced dispersion due to shear within the framework of aprobability density function (PDF) approach, and compared with theLagrangian model results. These parameterisations are thenincorporated into two applied coastal fumigation models: a PDFmodel, and a commonly used model that assumes uniform andinstantaneous mixing in the vertical direction. The PDF modelrepresents the vertical mixing process more realistically. A moreefficient version of the PDF model, which assumes a well-mixedconcentration distribution in the vertical at large times, isapplied to simulate sulfur dioxide data from the Kwinana CoastalFumigation Study. A comparison between the model results and thedata show that the model performs much better when the wind-sheareffects are included.     

地球物理场观测中的大气效应问题研究

作用在地表的大气质量不仅产生引力位的扰动，而且会引起各种地球物理场的附加效应，本文综述了近年来国内外同行在研究地表位移、重力、倾斜和应变固体潮观测中实施的大气效应改正问题，包括利用台站气压资料建立的实测模型，建立大气重力格林函数，利用全球和区域气象数据计算大气效应，建立大气改正的误差模型等，最后文章讨论了今后研究展望。     

南美西海岸(智利)地震科学研究回顾及其对地震监测预报的启示

智利俯冲带是全球地震活动最为活跃的地区之一,2010年以来已经发生了3次8级强震。本文在调研了该地区地震地质、历史地震、运动学特征等方面研究成果的基础上,梳理了其中与地震预测预报有关的观测现象,总结了相关科学问题的研究进展和认识过程。结果显示:(1)智利俯冲带历史地震记录丰富,基于现代大地测量的断层震间闭锁研究深入,近年来多次8级地震均发生在历史地震破裂空段和滑动亏损较大的强闭锁区;(2) 2010年Maule M_W8.8地震和2014年Iquique M_W8.1地震震前均有不同程度的前兆变化,Maule M_W8.8地震前主要是"一类空区"和"二类空区"的嵌套;而Iquique M_W8.1地震前还伴有b值持续降低,前震活动频繁,GPS时间序列瞬态变化等一系列短临异常变化;(3)同震位错和震间闭锁的空间分布显示智利俯冲带断层摩擦性质复杂;(4)孕震物理力学机制复杂,不同学者不同方法之间还存在一些认识争议。     

滇西地震预报实验场及邻区调制小震与强震震中预测

通过处理1990年1月1日~2005年12月31日云南省地震遥测台网记录的速报地震目录,分析滇西地震预报实验场(以下简称实验场)及邻区6级以上强震半年前到3个月3.0~3.9级调制小震活动图像,利用3.0~3.9级调制小震活动图像,提供6级以上强震的潜在危险区。     

青藏高原古洋壳恢复与重建问题讨论

通过雅鲁藏布江和北祁连山南北两个典型蛇绿岩带的研究实践,作者提出并讨论了构造背景与岩石地层相结合、结构构造特征与矿物岩石分析相结合、物理化学成因与区域地质工作相结合、岩石类型年代学与地层年代学研究相结合的蛇绿岩研究思想,以及综合恢复重建古洋壳的古地磁资料分析、扩张速度分析、俯冲速率分析和古生物地理环境分析4种方法,并提供了青藏高原主要古大洋区的有关特征数据。     

浅谈地面气象观测"新规范"学习要点

阐述了“地面气象观测规范”2003版中总则、气象要素观测、记录处理和报表编制的学习要点，并认为新旧规范具有一定的连续性，在学习中应从其编制原则出发，从新旧规范的差异和修改理由入手，重点放在新增加及有变更的内容上。     

Are spatial patterns of soil moisture at plot scales generalisable across catchments,climates, and other characteristics? A synthesis of synoptic soil moisture across the Mid-Atlantic

The spatial variation of soil moisture over very small areas (<100 m²) can have nonlinear impacts on cycling and flux rates resulting in bias if it is not considered, but measuring this variation is difficult over extensive temporal and spatial scales. Most studies examining spatial variation of soil moisture were conducted at hillslope (0.01 km²) to multi-catchment spatial scales (1000 km²). They found the greatest variation at mid wetness levels and the smallest variation at wet and dry wetness levels forming a concave down relationship. There is growing evidence that concave down relationships formed between spatial variation of soil moisture and average soil moisture are consistent across spatial scales spanning several orders of magnitude, but more research is needed at very small, plot scales (<100 m²). The goal of this study was to characterise spatial variation in shallow soil moisture at the plot scale by relating the mean of measurements collected in a plot to the standard deviation (SD). We combined data from a previous study with thousands of new soil moisture measurements from 212 plots in eight catchments distributed across the US Mid-Atlantic Region to (1) test for a generalisable mean–SD relationship at plot scales, (2) characterise how landcover, land use, season, and hillslope position contribute to differences in mean–SD relationships, and (3) use these generalised mean–SD relationships to quantify their impacts on catchment scale nitrification and denitrification potential. Our study found that 98% of all measurements formed a generalised mean–SD relationship like those observed at hillslope and catchment spatial scales. The remaining 2% of data comprised a mean–SD relationship with greater spatial variation that originated from two riparian plots reported in a previous study. Incorporating the generalised mean–SD relationship into estimates of nitrification and denitrification potential revealed strong bias that was even greater when incorporating mean–SD observations from the two riparian plots with significantly greater spatial variation.     

地球表层与天地生综合研究

本文联系地理学史从宇宙、地球、地球表层等概念的演化,讨论人类对地球表层的认识,介绍人类对地球表层作用后所形成的技术和社会圈,从人地关系协同论去说明智慧圈的意义,并讨论以地理相关法为基础的地域结构对应变换分析。以及天地生综合研究与宇宙全息论。本文以现代科学哲学、宇宙论、地球科学的新发展为基础,对地理学的研究对象—地球表层提供一个全新的认识,促进地理学中有关地球基本知识的更新。     

Northern landscapes in transition: Evidence,approach and ways forward using the Krycklan Catchment Study

Improving our ability to detect changes in terrestrial and aquatic systems is a grand challenge in the environmental sciences. In a world experiencing increasingly rapid rates of climate change and ecosystem transformation, our ability to understand and predict how, when, where, and why changes occur is essential for adapting and mitigating human behaviours. In this context, long-term field research infrastructures have a fundamentally important role to play. For northern boreal landscapes, the Krycklan Catchment Study (KCS) has supported monitoring and research aimed at revealing these changes since it was initiated in 1980. Early studies focused on forest regeneration and microclimatic conditions, nutrient balances and forest hydrology, which included monitoring climate variables, water balance components, and stream water chemistry. The research infrastructure has expanded over the years to encompass a 6790 ha catchment, which currently includes 11 gauged streams, ca. 1000 soil lysimeters, 150 groundwater wells, >500 permanent forest inventory plots, and a 150 m tall tower (a combined ecosystem-atmosphere station of the ICOS, Integrated Carbon Observation System) for measurements of atmospheric gas concentrations and biosphere-atmosphere exchanges of carbon, water, and energy. In addition, the KCS has also been the focus of numerous high resolution multi-spectral LiDAR measurements and large scale experiments. This large collection of equipment and data generation supports a range of disciplinary studies, but more importantly fosters multi-, trans-, and interdisciplinary research opportunities. The KCS attracts a broad collection of scientists, including biogeochemists, ecologists, foresters, geologists, hydrologists, limnologists, soil scientists, and social scientists, all of whom bring their knowledge and experience to the site. The combination of long-term monitoring, shorter-term research projects, and large-scale experiments, including manipulations of climate and various forest management practices, has contributed much to our understanding of boreal landscape functioning, while also supporting the development of models and guidelines for research, policy, and management.     

盈江“3·10”地震诱发地质灾害隐患及防护对策

盈江5.8级地震引发地质灾害,分析地震对地质灾害的影响及范围、地质灾害形成条件及隐患,提出有效防护对策、灾后重建建议。