基于纹理特征和机器学习的卫星云图分类实验

准确识别云对提升天气预报和气候预测准确性有着重要意义,传统的阈值法和聚类法很难找出统一通用的阈值标准和方法,随着机器学习在云分类领域的应用和发展,在分类速度和分类精度上都有了明显提升。本实验对风云二号G星的红外云图进行预处理并构建卫星云图样本库,通过提取云图纹理特征再结合支持向量机（SVM）、随机森林（RF）和XGBoost分类器实现了对“晴空”、“层积云或高积云”、“积雨云”、“密层云”和“卷层云”的分类,实验结果表明：①三种分类器对该实验云分类的平均准确率分别为RF（62.5%）＞XGBoost（61.7%）＞SVM（60.0%）;②三种分类器对“层积云或高积云”的分类都最好且稳定,平均分类精度均达到了90%以上,最高为91.5%;③SVM对密层云（67.9%）、RF对卷层云（68.9%）、XGboost对晴空（68.3%）的分类效果次之,平均分类精度均达67%以上。     

阿荣旗谢永贵家庭农场一带土壤化探的数学地质异常提取

应用数学地质方法对阿荣旗谢永贵家庭农场一带1：1万土壤化探数据进行了分析,得出该区异常主要受中下泥盆统泥鳅河组泥质板岩、沙质板岩与安山岩体接触带形成的矿化异常控制。研究区土壤地球化学R型聚类分析表明,10种微量元素可以分为3类：第一类为Cu、Ag、Au、As、Mo,第二类为Pb、Zn、Bi、Hg,还有一类为Sb。第一类反映了石英脉或蚀变岩型矿化的指示元素组合,第二类反映了中温的矿化元素组合。对研究区元素采用因子得分趋势面分析提取其反映局部异常变化的剩余异常,再对剩余异常进行多因子叠加法成图。在该区共圈定出4个异常靶区,以石英脉或蚀变岩型金矿化为主,是下一步重点的找矿区域。     

Examples of convective fractionation in high‐temperature granites from the Lachlan Fold Belt

Igneous rocks derived from high‐temperature, crystal‐poor magmas of intermediate potassic composition are widespread in the central Lachlan Fold Belt, and have been assigned to the Boggy Plain Supersuite. These rocks range in composition from 45 to 78% SiO₂, with a marked paucity of examples in the range 65–70% SiO₂, the composition dominant in most other granites of the Lachlan Fold Belt. Evidence is presented from two units of the Boggy Plain Supersuite, the Boggy Plain zoned pluton and the Nallawa complex, to demonstrate that these high‐temperature magmas solidified under a regime of convective fractionation. By this process, a magma body solidified from margin to centre as the zone of solidification moved progressively inwards. High‐temperature near‐liquidus minerals with a certain proportion of trapped interstitial differentiated melt, separated from the buoyant differentiated melt during solidification. In most cases much of this differentiated melt buoyantly rose to the top of the magma chamber to form felsic sheets that overly the solidifying main magma chamber beneath. Some of these felsic tops erupted as volcanic rocks, but they mainly form extensive high‐level intrusive bodies, the largest being the granitic part of the Yeoval complex, with an area of over 200 km². Back‐mixing of fractionated melt into the main magma chamber progressively changed the composition of the main melt, resulting in highly zoned plutons. In the more felsic part of the Boggy Plain zoned pluton back‐mixing was dominant, if not exclusive, forming an intrusive body cryptically zoned from 63% SiO₂ on the margin to 72% SiO₂ in the core. It is suggested that tonalitic bodies do not generally crystallise through convective fractionation because the differentiated melt is volumetrically small and totally trapped within the interstitial space: back‐mixing is excluded and homogeneous plutons with essentially the composition of the parental melt are formed.     

新疆鄯善县惠井子地区岩石铜异常晕特征及评价

通过对惠井子地区进行岩石化探测量,圈定出该地区的铜异常晕,结合研究区地质特征,对铜异常晕特征进行评价分析,研究区铜异常晕分布与构造展布方向一致,铜异常晕对地层的选择性不明显。对岩石化探测量中Au,Ag,Cu,Pb,Zn,Mn,Mo,Sb,Bi的9种元素指标进行了R型聚类分析和相关性分析,其中Cu,Zn,Mn相关性较好,其他元素相关性较弱。因此,在研究区可选用Cu,Zn,Mn等3种元素作为代表性指标进行综合分析,指导成矿预测。     

国家级强对流天气综合业务支撑体系建设

国家级强对流天气预报业务正在从以短期预报为主调整到短期和短时预报并重的业务格局。文章从强对流天气预报技术发展与服务需求的角度,重点介绍了国家级强对流天气综合业务支撑平台及其核心技术。该平台以气象数据组织和图形化表达两个核心要求为牵引,发展了数据分析处理系统、自动气象绘图系统和WEB检索与显示系统。数据分析处理系统基于多源观测资料、中尺度数值预报和全球数值预报,发展了集约、高效的强对流天气监测和临近预报、短时预报和短期预报等数据分析处理技术,是整个平台的核心;主要核心技术包括:从不稳定与能量、水汽、抬升与垂直风切变等条件出发,以归纳总结的分类强对流天气概念模型为基础的分类强对流短期预报分析技术;应用"配料法"发展的分类分等级的强对流天气客观概率预报技术;强对流短时预报技术包括高分辨率数值预报释用、多模式预报集成、对流尺度分析、实况和模式探空分析等多项技术,重点实现了从过去3 h实况到未来12 h预报的无缝隙衔接;强对流的监测和临近预报技术在基于多源资料的强对流天气实况与强对流系统监测技术基础上,发展了基于雷达特征量、强对流实况、各类强对流指数和预警信号等多源信息的报警技术。自动气象绘图系统实现了高效、便捷地接入多种数据、自动进行数据分析和制图等多项功能。在预报服务方面,基于WebGIS发展了县级分类强对流预警信号和国家级分类强对流预警预报产品共享技术,实现强对流短时预报业务的高交互性与上下互通的功能。     

Observational Evidence of High Ice Concentration in a Shallow Convective Cloud Embedded in Stratiform Cloud over North China

In this study we observed the microphysical properties, including the vertical and horizontal distributions of ice particles,liquid water content and ice habit, in different regions of a slightly supercooled stratiform cloud. Using aircraft instrument and radar data, the cloud top temperature was recorded as higher than -15℃, behind a cold front, on 9 September 2015 in North China. During the flight sampling, the high ice number concentration area was located in the supercooled part of a shallow convective cloud embedded in a stratiform cloud, where the ambient temperature was around -3℃. In this area,the maximum number concentrations of particles with diameter greater than 100 μm and 500 μm(N_(100) and N_(500)) exceeded 300 L~(-1) and 30 L~(-1), respectively, and were related to large supercooled water droplets with diameter greater than 24 μm derived from cloud–aerosol spectrometer probe measurements. The ice particles types in this region were predominantly columnar, needle, graupel, and some freezing drops, suggesting that the occurrence of high ice number concentrations was likely related to the Hallett–Mossop mechanism, although many other ice multiplication processes cannot be totally ruled out.The maximum ice number concentration obtained during the first penetration was around two to three orders of magnitude larger than that predicted by the Demott and Fletcher schemes when assuming the cloud top temperature was around-15℃.During the second penetration conducted within the stratiform cloud, N_(100) and N_(500) decreased by a factor of five to ten, and the presence of columnar and needle-like crystals became very rare.     

从云计算到雾计算的范式转变

虽然云计算的应用越来越广泛,但也具有不能支持高移动性、不支持地理位置信息及高时延等亟待解决的问题.为此,雾计算已经出现,并将云计算扩展到网络的边缘,以减少延迟和网络拥塞.首先介绍了雾计算的概念、特点和结构,然后讨论了具有代表性的应用场景以及雾计算的安全问题.另外,还对雾计算相似的原位计算和连续计算进行了介绍.最后,给出了云计算与雾计算的区别与联系,并分析了雾计算未来的发展方向.雾计算扩大了以云计算为特征的网络计算范式,将网络计算从网络的中心扩展到网络的边缘,从而可以更加广泛地运用于更多的应用形态和服务类型.     

一次降雹过程的数字化雷达回波分析

利用东营市７１３数字化雷达和卫星云图资料，分析了１９９５年６月２４日发生在黄河三角洲地区的暴雹天气过程，对冰雹云的雷达回波特征及卫星云图特征进行了分析。     

安徽闪电与雷达资料的相关分析以及机理初探

WSR-98D多普勒天气雷达和新型闪电定位仪是监测灾害性天气十分有效的手段,利用合肥多普勒天气雷达的物理量产品和中国科技大学研制的新型闪电定位仪资料,对2001年7月24日、2002年5月27日、2004年4月6日发生在安徽省的冰雹和强降水的3次天气过程的闪电与雷达回波特征做相关性分析和机理初探,发现一些有意义的统计规律：（1） 闪电发生的数目和变化与回波顶高（ET）有较好的对应关系, 而与垂直含水量积分（VIL）对应关系不明显;（2） 强对流天气的云地闪中正地闪与负地闪发生频次相当,甚至超过负地闪,但正地闪比较分散,负地闪比较集中,闪电发生的位置与强回波位置不一致,云下一般存在一个次正电荷层;（3） 强降水天气的负地闪占优势,闪电发生的位置比较集中并且与强回波位置一致,云下没有正电荷层;（4） 垂直累积液态水含量（VIL）和回波顶（ET）很小处出现的闪电是由云砧和对流云分裂的碎云产生的.     

电气石原料化学成分、制备方法对电气石陶瓷性能的影响

电气石具有自发电极属性,对改变水团的缔合度具有一定作用。笔者研究了朝鲜多个地区电气石的成分、结构和理化性能,并以其为主要原料制备了不同类型的电气石陶瓷,同时研发了一种间接测量水团缔合度的方法,该方法是利用水溶液的电容和介电损耗值来间接评价水团缔合度,可以反映水团缔合度的相对大小。研究表明,以高钙电气石为原料、适当添加活性剂并经700℃烧结工艺制备的电气石陶瓷,对降低水团缔合度具有明显效果。