不规则海洋重磁测网的调差

不规则测网是海洋重磁调查中的重要情况之一。本文建立了利用测网中实交点处交点差的资料确定各测线资料中含有的系统偏差的方程组，证明了此方程组有无穷多组数学解，但通解公式中仅含有一个任意常数，因而需要也只需要引进一个附国听控制条件就能有确定的解；还确定了线性控制条件应满足的数学条件，并以极小值的原则推出一个可用的线性控制条件，从而为不规则测网的线调差提供一条途径。     

A short history of Ocean Station Papa and Line P

This short article summarises the origins of observations at Ocean Station Papa, the evolution into Line P and the subsequent history of observations along that line.     

中国近代城市体系的位序规模特征——基于1936年《中华民国邮政舆图》的分析

以往的中国历史时期城市体系的研究,受限于系统城市人口数据的缺失,无法进行定量化的城市体系位序规模分析。本文通过数字化1936年《中华民国邮政舆图》,在其13240个邮政网点和40余万km邮路的基础之上,分析得到了邮政网点和邮路核密度空间分布,利用泰森多边形和分区统计等GIS工具给近代中国城市的邮政能力T赋值。以T值作为城市规模的代用指标,进行城市体系的位序规模分析。结论显示：① 基于T值的近代中国城市位序规模分布符合齐普夫法则;② 1936年存在京津冀、长三角、珠三角、武汉和成都—巴县5个邮政聚集区;③ 1936年邮政网点和邮路空间分布存在“胡焕庸线”两侧的巨大空间分野,其西北半壁网点占比略少于人口占比,但高等级网点和邮路里程占比远高于人口占比;④ 本文将近代中国城市体系研究的样本量从以往的200左右（城市人口）提高到2360（T值）,第一次发现了1936年中国城市位序规模曲线独特的“中段凹陷”而导致的曲线整体“三段式”分布,迥异于同时期的美国和当下之中国,近代约50个左右城市的开埠通商是造成“头部”城市在城市规模上与中等规模城市拉开差距的关键因素;⑤ 邮政能力T值可视为近代中国城市规模的一个优秀代用指标。     

博台线作为中国区域发展均衡线的佐证分析——以城市温室气体排放为例

国际政治经济形势正在发生深刻变化,实现区域协调均衡发展对于形成以国内大循环为主的新发展格局至关重要。方创琳于2020年2月提出垂直于胡焕庸线的博台线可以表征中国区域发展的均衡格局。本文通过对中国338个地级市的温室气体排放水平进行分析,旨在论证博台线作为中国区域发展均衡线的合理性和可能性。结果显示：① 2015年二氧化碳（CO₂）、甲烷（CH₄）、氧化亚氮（N₂O）和含氟温室气体总量以博台线为界呈南北对称的空间分布格局,且博台线两侧各类温室气体的排放强度和人均排放量分布基本均衡,各产业部门CO₂排放强度和人均排放量的区域差异均较小;② 博台线西南半壁和东北半壁内各类温室气体排放在GDP和人口维度上总体呈均衡分布态势,且各部门CO₂排放强度和人均排放量的空间分布也较为均衡。总体而言,博台线两侧表征人类活动强度的温室气体排放水平较为均衡,一定程度上反映出其作为中国区域发展战略均衡线的科学性与合理性。     

The migration of plate boundaries in SE Sicily: Influence on the large-scale kinematic model of the African promontory in southern Italy

A detailed field mapping, coupled with structural analyses and morphological investigation, has been carried out along the northern and western borders of the Hyblean Plateau (SE Sicily), in order to define the nature and the kinematics of a major Quaternary fault belt. This, here designed as the Scicli Line Fault Belt, is composed of two N50 oriented extensional basins that, linked by a regional N10 trending transfer zone, originated during the Early Pleistocene and experienced, since the Late Quaternary, a positive tectonic inversion. In both the two stages of deformation, the Scicli Line Fault Belt has been characterised by displacement-rate comparable with the relative velocities measured between the distinct plates composing the central Mediterranean region. In the period going from 1.5–1.2 to 0.85 Ma, the fault belt accommodated the entire divergence between Adria and Nubia. At present, the Scicli Line Fault Belt absorbs most of the Nubia–Eurasia convergence, while the western divergent margin of the Adria microplate has jumped to the eastern and the southern margins of the Hyblean Plateau, along the Late Quaternary Siculo–Calabrian Rift Zone. The off-shore prolongation of the two tectonic boundaries of the Hyblean Plateau has been recognised in the Sicily Channel, where they are both interrupted by a WNW-ESE oriented dextral fault. According to our reconstruction, the Hyblean Plateau represents an isolated lithospheric block, whose evolution can be related to the propagation of the western divergent margin of the Adria microplate, accompanied with the southward migration of the triple junction between Eurasia, Nubia and Adria. In this new large-scale kinematic picture, the GPS velocity measured in the Hyblean region, at the permanent site of NOTO, is actually representative of the local kinematics, rather than of the entire African promontory of southern Italy. This implies a correction of previous regional kinematic models based on combination of GPS vectors. In particular, our data constrain a new interpretation both for the kinematics along the E–W oriented Nubia–Eurasia margin, dominated by prevalent dextral deformation rather than reverse motions, and for the intraplate deformation in the Sicily Channel, within the Africa promontory, which would be dominated by a roughly N110° oriented extension. This conclusion has implication also on the mechanism and the origin of the Pantelleria–Linosa–Malta Rift that is here interpreted as a transtensive feature developed along a major transform fault, rather than the result of passive rifting induced by the Nubia–Eurasia collision, as it is currently interpreted.     

Geochemistry and geochronology of mafic rocks from Bamenda Mountains (Cameroon): Source composition and crustal contamination along the Cameroon Volcanic Line

Mafic rocks from the Bamenda volcanic province along the Cameroon Volcanic Line have been dated from 17 to 0 Ma. Associated with some trachytes and rhyolites, this volcanism covers a period of more than 25 Ma. The studied rocks are basalts to mugearites. Most of them have been contaminated by continental crust during their transit to the surface. The oldest rocks are the most contaminated. One group of samples shows high Eu, Sr and Ba contents. This characteristic is not due to crustal contamination process, but has a mantle source origin. We argue that these characteristics have been acquired by mixing of melts formed by partial melting of mantle pyroxenites with melts formed in mantle peridotites. Such pyroxenites have been observed as mantle xenoliths in the Adamaoua province, and their chemical and isotopic compositions are consistent with such a model.     

“090603”强飑线过程动力结构特征的观测与模拟分析

利用各种观测资料和数值模拟结果,分析了2009年6月3-4日黄淮地区一次罕见强飑线过程的中尺度动力结构演变特征和发展机理.结果表明,在稳定的东北冷涡环境下,冷涡后部与短波扰动相伴的冷平流叠加于对流层低层暖脊之上,为飑线的发生构建了有利的大气不稳定层结;飑线的发生、发展与地面中尺度辐合线密切相关,两者相互依存、促进;飑线的移动对应着对流层低层水平涡管的传播.在传播过程中,水平涡管的倾斜会使垂直涡度向水平涡度转化,促进飑线的发展;在飑线发展的不同阶段,动力结构有显著的差异,发展成熟阶段的飑线结构具有较强的组织性,而当其减弱、消散时,动力结构逐渐松散,各因子间不再有密切的配合,其特定的对流组织作用就会不复存在.另外,在飑线的发展过程中,地面气压场呈明显的中尺度扰动特征,飑线后部产生的中尺度雷暴高压与风场的辐散中心相伴是地面大风形成的主要原因之一.     

华东地区一次飑线过程的数值模拟与诊断分析

本文利用ARPS(Advanced Regional Prediction System)同化多部多普勒雷达观测资料和常规地面探空观测资料,对2009年8月17日发生在我国华东地区的一次飑线过程进行高分辨率数值模拟;利用模拟输出资料,分析该飑线过程的动力和热力特征和对流线单体后向新生的环境条件。研究结果表明:(1)在飑线系统初生阶段,从飑线后部(北方)的团状对流系统的低层MCV(mesoscale convective vortex)中南下的冷空气与西南暖湿气流相遇激发强对流,促进飑线发展;随着飑线系统的发展和南移,团状强对流系统的低层MCV的气旋性环流对飑线的影响逐渐减弱,而飑线本身产生的低层冷池向外辐散的冷空气与环境场西南暖湿气流辐合成为飑线持续发展的主要动力。(2)本次飑线系统属于典型的后向新生型飑线,由4条处于不同发展阶段的对流线合并而成,对流线上对流单体的后向新生是动力和热力过程共同作用的结果,既需要一定的对流抑制能量促进对流有效位能的累积,也需要一定的环境风场垂直切变、低层风场的辐合和水平涡管向垂直涡度的转化。     

日珥线光谱的降维法分析

本文提出了多搜索变量的目标函数直接优化法。该方法不涉及目标函数的导数计算,通用性强;同时该方法可控制搜索变量在值域内取值,这在一定程度上保证了解的可靠性。用此方法,本文分析了1984年2月18日太阳边缘环珥的一些Hα谱线,结果表明,本文方法具有收敛半径大,精度高的特点。