基于手机信令数据的城市居民非通勤出行群体画像——以苏州市为例

构建考虑多维特征的城市居民非通勤出行群体画像概念模型,提出一种按序结合相关系数矩阵与二阶聚类的方法,以进行非通勤出行群体画像。利用苏州市手机信令数据,基于非通勤出行时空规律和社会属性将城市居民出行者进行群体划分,并结合城市居民非通勤出行群体画像概念模型对不同类型非通勤出行群体进行多维度解析。结果显示：① 城市居民出行者可划分为：活跃?波动?工作日主导型群体、非活跃?稳定?均衡型群体。② 不同类型非通勤出行群体画像在多维特征上存在显著差异。③ 根据群体画像标签关联分析,除显性关联外,群体画像不同标签间存在隐性关联。     

苏南、浙北地区民宿空间分布特征及其影响因素

选取社会经济、配套产业发达且相近的苏南、浙北地区作为研究区域,基于百度地图API中的地点检索服务获取民宿点地理信息,结合空间分析方法与地理探测器探究两地民宿空间分布特征与影响因素。结果表明：1）两大地区民宿均呈显著集聚状态,分布在地势低平且水系发达区域,依托高禀赋旅游资源和交通干线集聚。2）在两地区别上,苏南民宿表现出集聚程度上的市域差异,浙北则分布相对均衡且集聚范围较广;空间集聚态势差异性显著,前者呈“四核集聚,次级中心团状布局”,后者表现出“西东中梯度格局”。3）消费能力、客源市场与通达程度是影响两地民宿分布的重要共性因子,两两因子间的交互作用增强了对民宿空间异质性的解释力。4）浙北民宿受外部客观因素的影响程度较弱,水系环境与景区依赖是两大地区间的区别因子。     

The climate change mitigation impacts of active travel: Evidence from a longitudinal panel study in seven European cities

Active travel (walking or cycling for transport) is considered the most sustainable and low carbon form of getting from A to B. Yet the net effects of changes in active travel on changes in mobility-related CO₂ emissions are complex and under-researched. Here we collected longitudinal data on daily travel behavior, journey purpose, as well as personal and geospatial characteristics in seven European cities and derived mobility-related lifecycle CO₂ emissions over time and space. Statistical modelling of longitudinal panel (n = 1849) data was performed to assess how changes in active travel, the ‘main mode’ of daily travel, and cycling frequency influenced changes in mobility-related lifecycle CO₂ emissions.We found that changes in active travel have significant lifecycle carbon emissions benefits, even in European urban contexts with already high walking and cycling shares. An increase in cycling or walking consistently and independently decreased mobility-related lifecycle CO₂ emissions, suggesting that active travel substituted for motorized travel – i.e. the increase was not just additional (induced) travel over and above motorized travel. To illustrate this, an average person cycling 1 trip/day more and driving 1 trip/day less for 200 days a year would decrease mobility-related lifecycle CO₂ emissions by about 0.5 tonnes over a year, representing a substantial share of average per capita CO₂ emissions from transport. The largest benefits from shifts from car to active travel were for business purposes, followed by social and recreational trips, and commuting to work or place of education. Changes to commuting emissions were more pronounced for those who were younger, lived closer to work and further to a public transport station.Even if not all car trips could be substituted by active travel the potential for decreasing emissions is considerable and significant. The study gives policy and practice the empirical evidence needed to assess climate change mitigation impacts of urban transport measures and interventions aimed at mode shift to more sustainable modes of transport. Investing in and promoting active travel whilst ‘demoting’ private car ownership and use should be a cornerstone of strategies to meet ‘net zero’ carbon targets, particularly in urban areas, while also reducing inequalities and improving public health and quality of urban life in a post-COVID-19 world.     

Estimating time parameters of overland flow on impervious surfaces by the particle tracking method

Abstract

Travel time and time of concentration T_c are important time parameters in hydrological designs. Although T_c is the time for the runoff to travel to the outlet from the most remote part of the catchment, most researchers have used an indirect method such as hydrograph analysis to estimate T_c. A quasi two-dimensional diffusion wave model with particle tracking for overland flow was developed to determine the travel time, and validated for runoff discharges, velocities, and depths. Travel times for 85%, 95% and 100% of particles arrival at the outlet of impervious surfaces (i.e. T_t85, T_t95, and T_t100) were determined for 530 model runs. The correlations between these travel times and T_c estimated from hydrograph analysis showed a significant agreement between T_c and T_t85. All the travel times showed nonlinear relationships with the input variables (plot length, slope, roughness coefficient, and effective rainfall intensity) but showed linear relationships with each other.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Associate editor S. Grimaldi     

岷县漳县6.6级地震前天水花牛水氡异常可靠性研究

2013年岷县漳县6.6级地震前甘肃天水花牛的水氡出现了与汶川8.0级地震极为相似的异常变化并在震前已被重点跟踪.为了对花牛水氡2013年出现的异常与岷县漳县地震的关系给出合理的判断,本文分析了花牛水氡正常的趋势背景和年变化形态,给出了正常背景和异常变化的判别指标;分析了花牛水氡的主要影响因素,认为气温是花牛水氡出现年变的主要因素,日降雨量达到一定量级才能引起水氡的短暂变化;着重从水氡测值的可靠性、影响因素的不一致性、多学科前兆变化的协调性、异常的重现性、异常与岷县地震的时空相关性等方面对2013年4月以来的异常进行了详细的分析和论证.研究结果可以判定,2013年4月以来天水花牛水氡出现的异常作为岷县漳县6.6级地震的异常是可信并可靠的.     

Visa Restrictions and Bilateral Travel

The vast majority of states impose visa restrictions on travelers from some foreign countries. Such restrictions are likely to deter foreign visitors from affected countries. They will therefore reduce the flow of tourists, businesspeople, and other travelers and thereby damage a country's tourism industry, reduce its trade, and affect its scientific, cultural, and other exchanges with foreign countries. This study estimates the damaging effect exerted by visa restrictions on bilateral travel in a country dyad data set covering the period from 1995 to 2005. It finds that, depending on the exact model specification chosen, visa restrictions reduce such travel by on average between 52 and 63 percent but with substantial regional variation. Given this large detrimental effect of visa restrictions on bilateral travel, the article discusses the determinants of why states impose such restrictions.     

COMMENTS ON “SPATIAL VARIATION OF HILLSLOPE PROFILES IN THE CUMBERLAND PLATEAU,KENTUCKY” BY EDMUND B. WOOOS

Book Reviewed in this article:

Main Street: Northeastern Oregon: The Founding and Development of Small Towns. Barbara Ruth Bailey.

Food Politics: The Regional Conflict. David N. Balaam and Michael J. Carey, eds.

The International Economy and Industrial Development: Trade and Investment in the Third World. R. Ballance, J. Ansari and H. Singer.

Neighborhoods in Urban America. Ronald H. Bayor, ed.

The English Heartland. By Robert Beckinsale and Monica Beckinsale.

Regional Dimensions of Industrial Policy. Michael E. Bell and Paul S. Lande, eds.

Tension Areas of the World. D. Gordon Bennett, ed.

Latin America: an Introductory Survey. B. W. Blouet and O. M. Blouet, eds.

Integration and Division: Geographical Perspectives on the Northern Ireland Problem. Frederick W. Boal and J. Neville H. Douglas, eds.

Energy and Land Use. Robert W. Burchell and David Listokin, eds.

Slopes and Weathering. Michael Clarke and John Small.

Alaska's Rural Development. Peter G. Cornwall and Gerald McBeath, eds.

The Politics of Park Design: A History of Urban Parks in America. Galen Cranz.

World Congress on Land Policy, 1980, Proceedings. Matthew Cullen and Sharon Woolery, eds.

Oregon Divided: A Regional Geography. Samuel N. Dicken and Emily F. Dicken.

Urban Food Marketing and Third World Rural Development. T. Scarlett Epstein.

South Africa: Spatial Frameworks for Development. T. J. D. Fair.

Institutions and Geographical Patterns. Robin Flowerdew, ed.

Industrialization of U.S. Agriculture, An Interpretive Atlas. Howard F. Gregor.

Planning Theory: Prospects for the 1980s. Patsy Healy, Glen McDougall and Michael J. Thomas, eds.

Neighborhood Mobilization: Redevelopment and Response. Jeffrey R. Henig.

The American Urban System: A Geographical Perspective. R. J. Johnston.

Climate, History and the Modern World. Hubert H. Lamb.

Climate and History: Studies in Past Climates and Their Impact on Man. T. M. L. Wigley, M. J. Ingram and G. Farmer.

China: Railways and Agricultural Development, 1875–1935. Ernest P. Liang.

A Desirable Energy Future—A National Perspective. Robert S. Livingston, T. D. Anderson, T. M. Besmann, M. Olszewski, A. M. Perry, and C. D. West.

Topothesia: Essays Presented to T. S. Ó Máille. B. S. Mac Aodha, ed.

Transportation for the Poor: Research in Rural Mobility. Hal S. Maggied.

Land Uses in American Cities. Harold M. Mayer and Charles R. Haves.

Industrial Organisation and Location. Philip McDermott and Michael Taylor.

Human Adaptability: an Introduction to Ecological Anthropology. Emilio F. Moran.

Regional Analysis and the New International Division of Labor. Frank Moulaert and Patricia W. Salinas, eds.

The Nuclear War Atlas. Victoriaville, Quebec, Canada:

Urbanization and Environmental Quality. Isao Orishimo.

The Garden of Eden: The Botanic Garden and the Re-Creation of Paradise. John Prest.

Earthfire, The Eruption of Mount St. Helens. Charles Rosenfeld and Robert Cooke.

Contest for the South China Sea. Marwyn S. Samuels.

The Future of the Wetlands: Assessing Visual-Cultural Values. Richard C. Smardon, ed.

Tucson: the Life and Times of An American City. C. L. Sonnichsen.

The Geography of Multinationals. Michael Taylor and Nigel Thrift, eds.

Impact of Marine Pollution on Society. Virginia Tippie and Dana Kester.

Reviving the Industrial City: the Politics of Urban Renewal in Lyon and Birmingham. Jerry A. Webman.

Andean Reflections: Letters from Carl O. Sauer While on a South American Trip under a Grant from the Rockefeller Foundation, 1942. Robert C. West, ed.

Cartographic Drawing with Computers. P. Yoeli.     

济南泉域地下水污染现状及对策研究

随着经济的快速发展和工业化、城市化进程的不断加快和人口的剧加,人类活动产生的污染物对济南市局部地下水造成了一定的污染。该文分析论述了济南市泉域的水文地质条件,地下水污染现状及综合评价,提出了防治地下水污染的措施。     

北京地震台远震Pn、PnPn波分析

在北京地震台NCDSN宽频带地震图集编辑工作中,发现Pn波在远至震中距16．8°的地震中仍然作为初至波被清晰记录,而PnPn波则延续至震中距30°左右仍以非常明显的震相特征被记录下来。