冀东油田高浅北地区交联聚合物调驱适应性评价

冀东油田G104-5区块浅层油藏储层胶结疏松,边底水活跃,随着采液速度的提高,边水沿高渗透带突进,油井含水上升速度快,油藏的复杂性给调剖调驱工艺带来一定难度。针对冀东油田地质和开发情况,通过深入分析、研究,在大量室内物模的基础上筛选研制了一种适合冀东油田浅层油藏调驱的交联聚合物体系并应用到现场,取得了良好的降水增油效果,两年来累计增油4.4×104t,有效地控制了该区块边水推进速度,改善了开发效果,为冀东油田夺油上产提供了技术保障,同时为其它浅层油藏区块提高原油采收率提供技术方法和参考依据。     

长江口外海域冬、春季水温变化规律研究

收集了1963—1996年长江口外海域水温的观测数据,分析了该海域冬、春季表层、10m层、20m层和30m层不同层次水温的季节和年际变化规律,以及其间水温垂向结构的变化。季节变化上,表层多年平均水温在8月最高,3月最低,底层多年平均水温9月最高,3月最低。年际变化上,冬季在1979年存在一个由冷到暖的跃迁;4月水温的年际变化较冬季复杂,表层、10m层、20m层和30m层水温分别在1979、1973、1973和1975年发生从冷到暖的跃迁。水平分布上,冬季除东南角小范围表层水温降低外,沿岸及北部海区表层水温均升高,春季北部和南部中间海域水温升高,升温幅度由表层至30m层逐渐变小。垂向结构上,冬季表底混合均匀,表层与20m层的年际变化相关系数高达0.97,春季表层与20m层的水温差存在10年左右的变化周期。本文将一些可能影响春季水温年际变化的因素与海温进行了比较并发现,在冷期,春季表层海温与长江口外海域气温相关较暖期好,相关指数为0.79;而暖期的春季表层与20m层的水温差与净热通量相关系数较高,为0.65。     

莱州湾,黄河口水域春季近岸渔获生物多样性特征的调查研究

本文以1998年莱州湾与黄河口水域的定*置网具春季渔获为基础,记述了该海区出现的61种渔获名录,渔业资源分布与数量特征。表明了该水域资源量呈大幅度下降趋势。以此提出加强渔业生物多样性保护和资源合理利用的建议。     

Mobile Communications,Social Networks,and Urban Travel: Hypertext as a New Metaphor for Conceptualizing Spatial Interaction*

The widespread use of mobile communications is leading to new practices in family life and social life, and these changes have significant implications for the study of urban travel. Because of the adoption of new modes of space‐time coordination, changing time use and increasing mobility, changing use of existing urban nodes, the blurring of boundaries between home and work, the importance of social networks and social capital, and the shift to person‐to‐person connectivity, the spatial structure and processes of interaction among individuals have become much more complicated in this age of mobile communications. Static spatial frameworks based on fixed points (e.g., home or workplace) and distances among them are no longer adequate for understanding urban travel. The study of urban travel now needs new conceptualizations and new methodologies.     

Transit times of water under steady stormflow conditions in the Gårdsjön G1 catchment

In this paper we report on a series of replicated tracer experiments with deuterium conducted under controlled, steady stormflow conditions at the Gårdsjön G1 catchment in south‐western Sweden. In five different years, these experiments were carried out in a subcatchment of G1. Deuterium was applied as a narrow pulse so that distributions of water transit times could be directly inferred from the observed tracer breakthrough curves. Significantly different transit times of water were observed under similar experimental conditions. Coefficients of variation for estimated mean transit times were greater than 60%, which can be understood as a measure of the interannual variability for this type of experiments. Implications for water transit times under more natural flow conditions as wells as for future experimentation are discussed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

滇黔准静止锋诱发贵州春季暴雨的锋生机制分析

利用卫星云图、常规地面观测资料和逐6 h的1°×1°NCEP再分析资料,对2003-2006年春季滇黔准静止锋背景下,出现的5次贵州暴雨天气过程进行了诊断分析和总结。结果表明:在准静止锋背景下,贵州春季暴雨是由高低空急流、高空槽、冷空气与准静止锋的共同作用产生的。低空急流将大量的水汽从孟加拉湾和北部湾输送到贵州,不断积累对流有效位能;高空急流的加速增强了"高层辐散、低层辐合"的大尺度上升运动,并通过急流下侧的正环流圈带动冷空气南下,使得准静止锋活跃锋生,是暴雨天气过程的触发机制。锋生现象分析表明,高空急流加速导致对流层中高层极锋锋区内锋生和对流层中层正环流圈的形成,加强了准静止锋附近的水平变形和垂直运动,进而促使锋生加强。水平变形和垂直运动对暴雨的产生也有直接影响:水平变形项范围越大则降雨强度越强,与垂直运动相关的倾斜项移动与在准静止锋附近生成的强对流云团的移动方向一致。准静止锋与贵州春季的暴雨过程关系密切,暴雨落区集中分布在准静止锋南侧1个纬距带内。高空急流加速度、冷锋附近的水汽辐合强度以及对流有效位能的高能舌区范围对暴雨范围和强度有指示作用。基于以上锋生机制,提炼了滇黔准静止锋诱发贵州春季暴雨的物理模型。     

Geographically weighted regression with a non-Euclidean distance metric: a case study using hedonic house price data

Geographically weighted regression (GWR) is an important local technique for exploring spatial heterogeneity in data relationships. In fitting with Tobler’s first law of geography, each local regression of GWR is estimated with data whose influence decays with distance, distances that are commonly defined as straight line or Euclidean. However, the complexity of our real world ensures that the scope of possible distance metrics is far larger than the traditional Euclidean choice. Thus in this article, the GWR model is investigated by applying it with alternative, non-Euclidean distance (non-ED) metrics. Here we use as a case study, a London house price data set coupled with hedonic independent variables, where GWR models are calibrated with Euclidean distance (ED), road network distance and travel time metrics. The results indicate that GWR calibrated with a non-Euclidean metric can not only improve model fit, but also provide additional and useful insights into the nature of varying relationships within the house price data set.     

前期夏季西太平洋暖池热含量对江南春雨的影响及其可能机理

利用GODAS海洋温度资料、中国753站逐日降水资料以及NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料讨论了前期夏季西太平洋暖池热含量异常对江南春雨的影响,并通过高低层环流异常解释了其可能过程和机制。研究结果表明:(1)前期夏季暖池区热含量影响春雨的敏感海区位于9°~16°N,150°~166°E,与春雨强度呈显著反相关,前期夏季关键区热含量的显著偏低是春雨异常偏多的强信号。(2)多雨年和少雨年大气环流差值场与夏季暖池热含量(取反号)回归的次年春季大气环流形态基本一致。低层菲律宾海异常反气旋西北侧的暖湿西南气流输送及江南地区高层辐散抽吸运动是造成春雨偏多的直接原因。(3)关键区热含量在前期夏季的异常偏低使低层异常反气旋在其西北侧触发生成,并在菲律宾海附近持续存在(前夏至当年春季),春季引导强盛的西南气流向江南输送水汽;同时,热含量异常偏低在我国大陆东部激发出高层异常气旋并持续维持(前秋至当年春季),导致春季西风急流轴异常南压,高层形成异常辐散中心,形成强烈的抽吸作用,导致江南春雨显著偏多。前夏热含量显著偏高引起江南春雨偏少的过程则与之相反。     

Role of sea ice on satellite-observed chlorophyll-a concentration variations during spring bloom in the East/Japan sea

The relationship between the spring bloom along the Primorye coast and the sea ice of the Tatarskiy Strait in the northern region of the East/Japan Sea, a semi-enclosed marginal sea in the North Pacific, was investigated using the ten-year SeaWiFS chlorophyll-a concentration data and DMSP/SSMI sea ice concentration data from 1998 to 2007. Year-to-year variations in the chlorophyll-a concentrations in the spring were positively correlated with those of the sea ice concentrations in the Tatarskiy Strait in the previous winter with a correlation coefficient of 0.77. Abrupt increases in nutrients, essential for the spring bloom in the upper ocean during spring, were supplied from sea ice-melted waters. Time series of vertical distributions of the nutrients indicated that phosphate concentrations were extremely elevated in the upper ocean (less than 100 m) without any connection to high concentrations in the deep waters below. The water mass from sea ice provided preferable conditions for the spring bloom through changes in the vertical stratification structure of the water columns. Along-coast ratios of stability parameters between two neighboring months clearly showed the rapid progression of the generation of a shallow pycnocline due to fresh water originating from sea ice. This study addressed the importance of the physical environment for biogeochemical processes in semi-enclosed marginal seas affected by local sea ice.     

六盘水市近6a马铃薯全生育期的降水特征及其补充灌溉分析

选取贵州西部六枝特区郎节坝试验区、钟山区大地试验区、水城县前进试验区和盘县坡上试验区共4个不同海拔马铃薯种植区连续6 a(2006—2011年)春薯主要大田生长期(2—9月)逐日降水的观测资料和春薯产量资料,利用降水产量积分回归函数,分析降水变化对春薯产量的影响。结果表明,贵州西部山区降水存在时空分布不均状况,但降水总体呈现出随着海拔高度的升高而增多趋势,同时找出了影响春薯产量不稳定的主要原因。不同区域春薯生长发育过程中的最佳补充灌溉时期不同:郎节坝试验区在播种期到开花期需补充灌溉,大地试验区应分别在播种期和现蕾期到开花期补充灌溉,前进试验区在现蕾期到开花期需补充灌溉,坡上试验区应在开花的始期至盛期补充灌溉。科学、合理的调控措施,有利于提高春薯的产量和质量。