A continental analysis of correlations between tree patterns in African savannas and human and environmental variables

This study analyses possible relationships between natural processes taking place in savannas and the tree patterns found in savannas. This can lead to new hypotheses about which processes are driving savanna physiognomy. To do so tree patterns were quantified for African savannas from historical aerial photographs applying frequently used landscape metrics. Also, additional data for these areas were collected to quantify the processes taking place at these locations. Correlations between tree pattern indices and explaining factors were analysed. We found a negative trend between tree cover and density of sheep and goats, but no relationship between tree cover and density of cattle, suggesting that small livestock have an effect on tree cover, but that larger livestock (or obligate grazers) do not. Also, a positive correlation between human population density and tree cover was found. Possible explanations for the found relations are discussed. Subsequent ways to analyse the latter correlation are discussed, and the potential of the presented historical database of aerial photographs is highlighted.     

基于灰色系统理论的河南旅游业发展研究

优越的地理位置和丰富的旅游资源使得河南的旅游业快速发展,对旅游业发展进行预测可以为旅游业发展决策提供帮助。运用灰色系统理论的灰色关联度分析法,对河南省旅游业的影响因子进行定量分析,得知影响河南旅游业发展的三大因素是国内生产总值、人均国内生产总值和民用汽车数量。建立河南国内旅游接待人数和国内旅游收入的灰色GM(1,1)预测模型。结果表明,未来5年河南省旅游业发展势头强劲。     

Structural geology practice and learning,from the perspective of cognitive science

Spatial ability is required by practitioners and students of structural geology and so, considering spatial skills in the context of cognitive science has the potential to improve structural geology teaching and practice. Spatial thinking skills may be organized using three dichotomies, which can be linked to structural geology practice. First, a distinction is made between separating (attending to part of a whole) and combining (linking together aspects of the whole). While everyone has a basic ability to separate and combine, experts attend to differences guided by experiences of rock properties in context. Second, a distinction is made between seeing the relations among multiple objects as separate items or the relations within a single object with multiple parts. Experts can flexibly consider relations among or between objects to optimally reason about different types of spatial problems. Third, a distinction is made between reasoning about stationary and moving objects. Experts recognize static configurations that encode a movement history, and create mental models of the processes that led to the static state. The observations and inferences made by a geologist leading a field trip are compared with the corresponding observations and inferences made by a cognitive psychologist interested in spatial learning. The presented framework provides a vocabulary for discussing spatial skills both within and between the fields of structural geology and cognitive psychology.     

芦山地震的红外增温异常分析

地震三要素的短临预测对抗震减灾意义重大,但实现的难度很大,仍是个世界难题。笔者应用卫星红外异常增温时空演变规律对2013年4月20日芦山地震作了研究,并在2013年4月21日全国天灾预测委员会学术研讨会上作出了分析。文中简要剖析了芦山地震的构造背景和成因机理。芦山地震是我国西部地震构造区新发生的MS 7.0级大地震,其成因同汶川地震相似,主要受到印度板块NE向对青藏地块推挤,南北压缩挤出断块向SEE滑动,受到四川盆地以西龙门山断裂带强烈阻挡,积能释放后发震。文中重点介绍了红外增温时空演变规律进行短临地震预测的过程。震前红外增温异常的动态变化是地震构造活动的反应,时间上一般经历初始增温-加强增温-高峰增温-衰减到发震的4个阶段。     

国家级强对流天气综合业务支撑体系建设

国家级强对流天气预报业务正在从以短期预报为主调整到短期和短时预报并重的业务格局。文章从强对流天气预报技术发展与服务需求的角度,重点介绍了国家级强对流天气综合业务支撑平台及其核心技术。该平台以气象数据组织和图形化表达两个核心要求为牵引,发展了数据分析处理系统、自动气象绘图系统和WEB检索与显示系统。数据分析处理系统基于多源观测资料、中尺度数值预报和全球数值预报,发展了集约、高效的强对流天气监测和临近预报、短时预报和短期预报等数据分析处理技术,是整个平台的核心;主要核心技术包括:从不稳定与能量、水汽、抬升与垂直风切变等条件出发,以归纳总结的分类强对流天气概念模型为基础的分类强对流短期预报分析技术;应用"配料法"发展的分类分等级的强对流天气客观概率预报技术;强对流短时预报技术包括高分辨率数值预报释用、多模式预报集成、对流尺度分析、实况和模式探空分析等多项技术,重点实现了从过去3 h实况到未来12 h预报的无缝隙衔接;强对流的监测和临近预报技术在基于多源资料的强对流天气实况与强对流系统监测技术基础上,发展了基于雷达特征量、强对流实况、各类强对流指数和预警信号等多源信息的报警技术。自动气象绘图系统实现了高效、便捷地接入多种数据、自动进行数据分析和制图等多项功能。在预报服务方面,基于WebGIS发展了县级分类强对流预警信号和国家级分类强对流预警预报产品共享技术,实现强对流短时预报业务的高交互性与上下互通的功能。     

多元均生函数模型及其在短期气候预测中的应用

在原均生数模型的基础上，对模型进行改进，首次引入预报因子变量，建立一个多元的均生函数模型。它适应于气温、降水、热带气旋个数等多种要素预报。新建的多元均生函数模型包含了原模型的优点。而且比原有均生函数模型具有更物理基础。     

多种媒介融合 拓展天气预报节目传播空间

文章主要讨论了传统媒体和新媒体对气象节目的需求、发展以及创新。认为:气象信息的传播实现新旧媒体的互补是电视天气预报今后改革和创新的必然趋势;在巩固传统媒体的基础上,充分把握新媒体的特点,寻找和开发适合新媒体的天气预报节目,拓宽气象信息的传播渠道,增强气象服务的能力。     

用于ENSO预测的一种广义典型混合回归模式及其预报试验

提出一种基于主分量典型相关分析（ＰＣ－ＣＣＡ）的广义典型混合回归模式，用于建立ＮＩＮＯ海区ＳＳＴ预报方案．该模式引入ＥＥＯＦ、ＰＲＥＳＳ准则和集成预报等技术思想，在优选物理因子，确定最佳模式参数的基础上，对ＮＩＮＯ海区海温指数所作的超前１—４季度预报试验取得优良效果．试验表明，该模式方案性能稳定，其总体预报技术水平已达到美国ＮＯＡＡ／ＮＷＳ／ＮＣＥＰ／气候诊断公报（ＣＰＣ）所用同类模式水平．而本模式方案预报同类产品所需因子数远少于ＣＰＣ方法。这就有可能为建立我国的ＥＮＳＯ业务监测系统提供有益的基础。     

综合优势相似法在短期气候预测中的应用

综合优势相似法是建立在相似因子群的多项相似与动态相似基础之上的，因此更能反映大气天气过程的实际演变，其预测趋势可最接近天气气候实况。综合优势相似法中相似和不相似这两个预报时段的气象序列的对比分析和严格检验是不可缺少的一部分，只有相似和不相似两者呈显著差别，才能认定相似有效，以相当高的可信度保证了预报的客观性和可靠性。综合优势相似法操作简便，在2002年濮阳和2004年郑州汛期降水趋势预报中效果良好，可作为目前短期气候预测业务中的基本工具。