Thermal and tectonic evolution of the southern Alps (northern Italy) rifting: Coupled organic matter maturity analysis and thermokinematic modeling

The Pearl River Mouth Basin (PRMB) is one of the most petroliferous basins on the northern margin of the South China Sea. Knowledge of the thermal history of the PRMB is significant for understanding its tectonic evolution and for unraveling its poorly studied source-rock maturation history. Our investigations in this study are based on apatite fission-track (AFT) thermochronology analysis of 12 cutting samples from 4 boreholes. Both AFT ages and length data suggested that the PRMB has experienced quite complicated thermal evolution. Thermal history modeling results unraveled four successive events of heating separated by three stages of cooling since the early Middle Eocene. The cooling events occurred approximately in the Late Eocene, early Oligocene, and the Late Miocene, possibly attributed to the Zhuqiong II Event, Nanhai Event, and Dongsha Event, respectively. The erosion amount during the first cooling stage is roughly estimated to be about 455–712 m, with an erosion rate of 0.08–0.12 mm/a. The second erosion-driven cooling is stronger than the first one, with an erosion amount of about 747–814 m and an erosion rate between about 0.13–0.21 mm/a. The erosion amount calculated related to the third cooling event varies from 800 m to 3419 m, which is speculative due to the possible influence of the magmatic activity.     

山东东营凹陷新近系地层水化学场特征及油气意义*

为揭示中国东部新生代浅部地层水化学场响应及油气意义,在东营凹陷新近系试油资料统计分析的基础上,对东营凹陷新近系的水化学场特征进行了研究。结果表明,与古近系沙河街组三段与四段封闭性滞留型水化学场特征明显不同,新近系馆陶组和明化镇组总体以低矿化度的NaHCO₃型地层水为主体（矿化度小于5 g/L）;其水化学剖面宏观上具有一定的分带性,大致可以划分为3种水文环境：强开放性水文流畅带(0～0.7km)、弱开放性水文阻滞过渡带(0.7～1.1km)和相对封闭性水文迟缓带(＞1.1km);在不同的水化学作用带,水岩作用和地层水矿化度、离子和离子参数具有不同的响应;东营凹陷新近系Ca相对海水富集(Ca_excess)和Na相对海水亏损(Na_deficient)的定量关系Ca_excess≤0.2367Na_deficient-0.6261,显示出明显的钠亏损特征,钙富集量也远低于世界盆地流体线(Basin Fluid Line,BFL;Davisson,1996)所代表的富集量,与同凹陷古近系沙三、沙四段封闭性水文地质系统中钠相对富集特征也明显不同,反映了地层水蒸发浓缩作用弱及与地表水交替活动强烈的水文地质作用特征;地层水化学场的分布影响了原油密度和天然气的分布规律,使得东营凹陷新近系原油密度与天然气相对密度在剖面上的分布规律与地层水分有良好的一致性。     

基于移动测量的交通标志自动提取

针对从移动测量车采集的图像中提取交通标志的需求,研究探索适合移动测量的交通标志检测识别方案。在交通标志检测阶段,提出一种检测多个圆形禁令标志连接的多圆度检测法,对于三角形警告标志的检测,在原有拐角检测法基础上提出基于候选区域的拐角检测法;在交通标志识别阶段,选用像素特征作为特征向量,采用概率神经网络实现交通标志的分类识别。最后设计实现移动测量后处理软件的交通标志自动提取模块。     

无谋干热河谷按树人工林生物量初步研究

干热河谷人工林生长缓慢，林分结构简单，群落生物量较低。地面物质组成和地表侵蚀状况是影响干热河谷林木群落生物量的主要立地因素之一，土壤入渗能力强的石质山地有利于高大乔木的生长，桉树人工林生物量高，而侵蚀严重的泥质山地则相反，不利于高大乔木的生长，桉树人工林生物量低。     

消费转型背景下度假型旅游地时空修复——基于三亚海棠湾的案例研究

消费转型背景下旅游目的地供需失衡矛盾凸显,由此引致了目的地新一轮的结构性调整,然而这一现象并未引起学界足够重视,现有的理论框架在解释力度上也存在明显不足。本文在详细剖析时空修复理论研究成果的基础上,结合中国情境与旅游情境,提出了资本应对消费转型的一般框架,分析了三亚海棠湾时空修复的整体历程,并揭示了案例背后的制度逻辑。研究表明：资本以时空修复的方式完成了对消费转型的应对。其中,时空修复的经济维度包括资本的空间修复与时间修复,在三亚海棠湾,空间修复突出的表现为地理扩张与空间重组,时间修复则重点表现在二级循环的缓建、停建及其向三级循环的跃迁。时空修复的非经济维度方面,政府部门藉由尺度重组用以促进资本的循环与积累,通过尺度上推,借助意识形态与城市战略,构建了资本空间运行的合法性;通过尺度下推,藉由绩效优先原则与权力下放策略,支持与服务资本的空间运行。但政府的部分行为在某种程度上干扰了市场秩序,延缓危机的同时制造了更大的隐患。此外,时空修复与尺度重组之间存在着理论关联,消费转型使得原有资本节律失常,地域组织通过尺度重组搭建起全新的地理架构,为资本的时空修复提供了相对稳定的地理平台。本文完善了时空修复的理论框架,部分回应了消费市场的理性回归对度假地的可能影响。     

Gold ore-forming fluids of the Tanami region, Northern Australia

Fluid inclusion studies have been carried out on major gold deposits and prospects in the Tanami region to determine the compositions of the associated fluids and the processes responsible for gold mineralization. Pre-ore, milky quartz veins contain only two-phase aqueous inclusions with salinities ≤19 wt% NaCl eq. and homogenization temperatures that range from 110 to 410°C. In contrast, the ore-bearing veins typically contain low to moderate salinity (<14 wt% NaCl eq.), H₂O + CO₂ ± CH₄ ± N₂-bearing fluids. The CO₂-bearing inclusions coexist with two-phase aqueous inclusions that exhibit a wider range of salinities (≤21 wt% NaCl eq.). Post-ore quartz and carbonate veins contain mainly two-phase aqueous inclusions, with a last generation of aqueous inclusions being very CaCl₂-rich. Salinities range from 7 to 33 wt% NaCl eq. and homogenization temperatures vary from 62 to 312°C. Gold deposits in the Tanami region are hosted by carbonaceous or iron-rich sedimentary rocks and/or mafic rocks. They formed over a range of depths at temperatures from 200 to 430°C. The Groundrush deposit formed at the greatest temperatures and depths (260–430°C and ≤11 km), whereas deposits in the Tanami goldfield formed at the lowest temperatures (≥200°C) and at the shallowest depths (1.5–5.6 km). There is also evidence in the Tanami goldfield for late-stage isothermal mixing with higher salinity (≤21 wt% NaCl eq.) fluids at temperatures between 100 and 200°C. Other deposits (e.g., The Granites, Callie, and Coyote) formed at intermediate depths and at temperatures ranging from 240 to 360°C. All ore fluids contained CO₂ ± N₂ ± CH₄, with the more deeply formed deposits being enriched in CH₄ and higher level deposits being enriched in CO₂. Fluids from deposits hosted mainly by sedimentary rocks generally contained appreciable quantities of N₂. The one exception is the Tanami goldfield, where the quartz veins were dominated by aqueous inclusions with rare CO₂-bearing inclusions. Calculated δ ¹⁸O values for the ore fluids range from 3.8 to 8.5‰ and the corresponding δD values range from −89 to −37‰. Measured δ ¹³C values from CO₂ extracted from fluid inclusions ranged from −5.1 to −8.4‰. These data indicate a magmatic or mixed magmatic/metamorphic source for the ore fluids in the Tanami region. Interpretation of the fluid inclusion, alteration, and structural data suggests that mineralization may have occurred via a number of processes. Gold occurs in veins associated with brittle fracturing and other dilational structures, but in the larger deposits, there is also an association with iron-rich rocks or carbonaceous sediments, suggesting that both structural and chemical controls are important. The major mineralization process appears to be boiling/effervescence of a gas-rich fluid, which leads to partitioning of H₂S into the vapor phase resulting in gold precipitation. However, some deposits also show evidence of desulfidation by fluid–rock interaction and/or reduction of the ore-fluid by fluid mixing. These latter processes are generally more prevalent in the higher crustal-level deposits.     

Oil shale resources in China and their utilization

The unconventional oil and gas resources presented in oil shales have meant these potential sources of hydrocarbons,which has become a research focus. China contains abundant oil shale resources,ranking fourth in the world,with ca. 7 254. 48 × 10~8 t within 24 provinces,including 48 basins and 81 oil shale deposits. About 48% of the total oil shale resources are concentrated in the eastern resource region,with a further 22% in the central resource region. 65% of the total quantity of oil shale resources is present at depths of 0-500 m,with 17% of the total resources being defined as high-quality oil shales yielding more than 10% oil by weight.Chinese oil shale resources are generally hosted by Mesozoic sediments that account for 78% of the total resources. In terms of the geographical distribution of these resources,some 45% are located in plain regions,and different oil shale basins have various characteristics. The oil shale resources in China represent a highly prospective future source of hydrocarbons. These resources having potential use not only in power generation and oil refining but also in agriculture,metal and chemical productions,and environmental protection.     

山西地震带中与强震活动有关的两种滑坡

本文以滑波理论为依据，总结了山西地震带的两种不同特点的滑坡。即：振荡式滑坡及触发式滑坡。虽然两种滑坡都可分为变形、解体、滑动、毁灭等四个阶段，但其动力不同。振荡式滑波的滑动面倾角小，因而滑力来源于强震振动，而触发式滑坡的滑动面倾角大，因而滑力来自滑体本身静荷载。对两种滑坡的研究对预防及减轻强震带来的次生灾害有重要的意义。     

蒙城地震台地电阻率各向异性参量研究

地电阻率各向异性参量计算方法是由钱复业,赵玉林等研究出来的方法。我们试用该方法编制相应的计算机程序,对蒙城地震台1978～2008年地电阻率的数据进行处理;并结合震例进行对比分析,发现对于震中距300km内的中强震,与地电阻率各向异性参数的趋势性变化存在密切的关系;地电阻率各向异性参量特征可以反映孕震区地下介质的孕震信息,对未来地震的预测将起到一定作用。     

岩石加速破裂行为的物理自相似律

掌握岩石变形破坏过程中体积膨胀点至峰值强度点之间加速破裂行为的演化规律,是实现地质灾害物理预测的关键.本文考虑裂纹张开和闭合两种情况,基于断裂力学建立了三轴应力作用下裂纹扩展临界尺度与等效应力的关系.对微元体破坏概率,分别采用以等效应力表达的Weibull分布函数和裂纹尺度分形函数,通过对比导出了形状参数m与裂纹分布分维D_f关系的表达式.一个有趣的发现是,岩石峰值强度点与体积膨胀点应变比仅与m或D_f有关.对岩石蠕变或准蠕变破坏,合理的m值范围为[1.0,4.0],在此范围内应变比近似为常数1.48,该常数是描述不同尺度岩石加速破裂规律的物理自相似常数.实例分析表明,基于岩石加速破裂规律构建的多锁固段脆性破裂理论,其适用性广,尤其在崩滑和大地震预测领域,具有良好应用前景.此外,本文给出了b值与m值定量关系,以解释b值的物理意义,并探讨将其用于地震预测的可行性.