东风波诱生低涡发生发展的螺旋度演变特征分析

利用NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料对2001年8月3~4日浙南闽北的东风波暴雨过程,根据螺旋度(Helicity)分析了过程中的暴雨演变以及雁荡山脉诱生中尺度低涡发生发展的原因。同时,利用中尺度有限区域模式MM5V2对该东风波诱生中尺度低涡进行模拟。结果表明:螺旋度大值中心强度和位置的演变较好地反映了暴雨落区和中尺度低涡的诱生、移动,螺旋度的时空演变对暴雨发生有一定的预示意义,螺旋度计算较中尺度模式得出诱生低涡初生位置、路径预报准确率高,二者集成可以提高诱生低涡的预报准确率。     

一次夏季东北冷涡中积云发展过程的数值模拟

运用中国科学院大气物理所设计开发的三维冰雹云模式,对2002年7月11日至15日期间,发生在中国东北地区的一次由冷涡天气诱发的积云对流变化过程进行三维数值模拟。模拟结果表明:(1)冷涡诱发的积云自然降水呈中小尺度复合体的特征;(2)积云起源于低层暖湿区域里,并由强上升气流抬升到高层,得到充分发展;(3)冷涡中积云同样存在液态水累积区,一般出现在最大上升气流上,其中液态水含量随着积云的发展而变化,冰雹即在此液态水累积区0℃以下的区域内生长;(4)在模拟区域内,模拟出了多个积云单体的并合现象,而后发展为积云团;(5)模拟出的积云形态与雷达回波基本吻合。     

高原低涡移出高原的观测事实分析

应用天气学、统计学原理,结合TRMM资料,分析了1998—2004年5—9月移出高原的低涡的活动特征。结果指出:6—8月是高原低涡移出高原影响中国东部天气的主要时段,它与高原低涡在高原上的活动特征及西南低涡移出高原特征均不同;移出高原的高原低涡的涡源主要在曲麻莱附近、德格附近,这与高原上产生低涡的涡源不同;移出高原的高原低涡的移动路径多数是随低槽的活动而向东、向东南移动,这与高原低涡在高原上多数是沿切变线移向东北不同,高原低涡移出高原后,不仅影响中国的范围广,还可能影响到朝鲜半岛、日本;高原低涡移出高原后涡的强度、性质会有变化,在高原以东活动时间长(≥36 h)的高原低涡,移出高原前多数为暖性低涡,移出高原后多数为斜压性低涡,低涡加强、多数可产生暴雨、大暴雨;高原低涡移出高原后移到海洋上,往往因下垫面不同而变化,出海后都有降水加强、多数位势高度下降的现象;移出高原后的高原低涡因东面海上热带气旋活动而少动,与其南面热带气旋活动相向而行,因季风低压少动而少动的现象。     

梅雨暴雨中高低空急流与西南涡的活动

利用MM5中尺度模式对1991年7月5日00时-6日12时的降水进行了数值模拟。通过对每3h一次模拟结果的诊断分析，发现高空急流的走向与西南涡的活动关系密切，当我国东部位于西北风急流时，西南低涡稳定少动；位于西风急流时，西南涡快速东移；位于西南风急流时，西南涡加强，移速减慢。暴雨活动与西南涡的东移一致。最初暴雨区稳定少动，之后暴雨区快速东移，后期暴雨区缓慢移动。湿位涡对西南涡的斜压性加大有重要的贡献。在西南涡斜压性未建立之前以及冷锋附近，雨区可位于低层西南风急流左侧的任何位置，当低涡的斜压性加大，出现暖空气的作用时，暴雨区均出现在西南风急流的左前方。     

Inertial theory of the mean Hadley circulation under the condition of nonstatic equilibrium

1 Introduction The mean meridional circulation plays an important role in the transportation and balance of heat, momen- tum, vortex and vapor between different latitudes. According to the data analysis, there are three circula- tions from the equator to the polar area: the Hadley circulation, a heat-driven circulation which rises around the equator and sinks at a certain latitude; the subpolar circulation, another heat-driven circulation around the polar area; and the Ferrel circulation, an i…     

COMPARISON OF ON-LINE COUPLED AND CONSTANT TRANSFER SIMULATION METHODS FOR DIRECT RADIATIVE FORCING OF ANTHROPOGENIC SULFATE

1 INTRODUCTION Of three main methods for studying the radiative forcing of anthropogenic sulfate and climatic response on the regional scale, the first is, with given rates for transforming SO2 to sulfate, converting actually released SO2 into sulfate and acquiring the distribution of sulfate by computing transfer equations in the climate model.     

红河断裂带两侧地块地震震源参数研究

利用云南区域数字地震遥测台网资料,采用Brune圆位错模型对1998年12月至2006年8月云南境内M≥3地震和越南北部M>2地震测算震源参数。结果表明,红河断裂两侧活动块体的地震活动和震源参数存在较为明显的差异。就地震矩与震级的标度关系而言,滇西南块体与美国加州圣安德列斯断层和滇西实验场及其周边地区的结果一致,但与华南块体和越南北部地区有差异;从应力降的测算结果看,华南块体西缘的云南及越南北部地区的年均值为7.29MPa,滇西南块体为4.48MPa,两块体北部地震的应力降大于南部地区,应力降由北向南逐渐减小;就地震位错年均值而言,华南块体为12.3mm/a,滇西南块体为6.6mm/a。     

Variations in Melt Productivity and Melting Conditions along SWIR (70{degrees}E-49{degrees}E): Evidence from Olivine-hosted and Plagioclase-hosted Melt Inclusions

Melt inclusion and host glass compositions from the easternend of the Southwest Indian Ridge show a progressive depletionin light rare earth elements (LREE), Na₈ and (La/Sm)_n, but anincrease in Fe₈, from the NE (64°E) towards the SW (49°E).These changes indicate an increase in the degree of mantle meltingtowards the SW and correlate with a shallowing of the ridgeaxial depth and increase in crustal thickness. In addition,LREE enrichment in both melt inclusions and host glasses fromthe NE end of the ridge are compatible with re-fertilizationof a depleted mantle source. The large compositional variations(e.g. P₂O₅ and K₂O) of the melt inclusions from the NE end ofthe ridge (64°E), coupled with low Fe₈ values, suggest thatmelts from the NE correspond to a variety of different batchesof melts generated at shallow levels in the mantle melting column.In contrast, the progressively more depleted compositions andhigher Fe₈ values of the olivine- and plagioclase-hosted meltinclusions at the SW end of the studied region (49°E), suggestthat these melt inclusions represent batches of melt generatedby higher degrees of melting at greater mean depths in the mantlemelting column. Systematic differences in Fe₈ values betweenthe plagioclase- and the olivine-hosted melt inclusions in theSW end (49°E) of the studied ridge area, suggest that theplagioclase-hosted melt inclusions represent final batches ofmelt generated at the top of the mantle melting column, whereasthe olivine-hosted melt inclusions correspond to melts generatedfrom less depleted, more fertile mantle at greater depths. KEY WORDS: basalt; melt inclusions; olivine; plagioclase; Southwest Indian Ridge     

Cold Air Activities in July 2004 and Its Impact on Intense Rainfalls over Southwest China

The severe rainfall events in the mid-summer of July 2004 and the roles of cold air in the forma- tion of heavy precipitation are investigated by using daily observational precipitation data of China and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis.The results show that the severe rainfalls in Southwest China are closely related to the cold air activities from the mid-high latitudes,and the events take place under the cooperative effects of mid-high latitude circulation and low latitude synoptic regimes.It is the merging of a cold vortex over mid-latitudes with the northward landing typhoon and eastward Southwest China Vortex,as well as the abrupt transformation from a transversal trough into an upright one that causes three large alterations of mid-high atmospheric circulation respectively in the early and middle ten days of this month.Then,the amplitude of long waves soon magnifies,leading to the unusual intrusion of cold air to low-latitude areas in the mid-summer.Meanwhile,the warm and humid southwest summer monsoon is quite active.The strong interactions of cold air and summer monsoon over Southwest China result in the large-scale convective rain- falls on the southern side of cold air. With regard to the activities of cold air,it can influence rainfalls in three prominent ways.Firstly,the incursion of upper-level cold air is often accompanied by partial southerly upper-level jet.The ascending branch of the corresponding secondary circulation,which is on the left front side of the jet center,provides the favorite dynamic upward motion for the rainfalls.Secondly,the southward movement of cold air contributes to the establishment of atmospheric baroclinic structure,which would lead to baroclinic disturbances.The atmospheric disturbances associated with the intrusion of cold air can destroy the potential instability strat- ification,release the convective available potential energy(CAPE)and finally cause convective activities.In addition,the advection processes of dry and cold air at the upper level along with the advection of humid and warm air at the lower level are rather significant for the reestablishment of potential instability in the precipitation area,which is one of the crucial factors contributing to persistent rainfalls.