Inertial theory of the mean Hadley circulation under the condition of nonstatic equilibrium

1 Introduction The mean meridional circulation plays an important role in the transportation and balance of heat, momen- tum, vortex and vapor between different latitudes. According to the data analysis, there are three circula- tions from the equator to the polar area: the Hadley circulation, a heat-driven circulation which rises around the equator and sinks at a certain latitude; the subpolar circulation, another heat-driven circulation around the polar area; and the Ferrel circulation, an i…     

Limited differences among habitats in deep‐sea macro‐infaunal communities off New Zealand: implications for their vulnerability to anthropogenic disturbance

The spread of human activities into the deep sea may pose a high risk to benthic communities and affect ecosystem integrity. The deep sea is characterized by physical and biological heterogeneity and different habitat types are likely to differ in their vulnerability to anthropogenic impacts. However, across‐habitat comparisons are rare, and no comprehensive ecological risk assessment has yet been developed. To address this gap in our knowledge, we compared macro‐infaunal community structure in four habitats (slope, canyons, seamounts and methane seeps) at depths between 700 and 1500 m in the Hikurangi Margin and Bay of Plenty regions off New Zealand. The most striking contrast in community structure was between the two study regions, due to an order of magnitude difference in macro‐infaunal abundance that we believe was caused by differences in surface productivity and food availability at the sea bed. We found differences in structural and functional attributes of macro‐infaunal communities among some habitats in the Hikurangi Margin (slope, canyon and seep), but not in the Bay of Plenty. We posit that differences between canyon and slope communities on the Hikurangi Margin are due to enhanced food availability inside canyons compared with adjacent slope habitats. Seep communities were characterized by elevated abundance of both symbiont‐bearing and heterotrophic taxa, and were the most distinct, and variable, among the habitats that we considered on the Hikurangi Margin. Communities of seamounts were not distinct from slope or canyon communities on the Hikurangi Margin, probably reflecting similar environmental conditions in these habitats. The communities of deep‐sea canyon and seep habitats on the Hikurangi Margin were sufficiently dissimilar from each other and from slope habitats to warrant separate management consideration. By contrast, the low dissimilarity between communities of canyon and slope habitats in the Bay of Plenty suggests that habitat‐based management is not required in this region, for macro‐infauna at least. Although the two study regions share similar species pools, populations of the Hikurangi Margin region may be less vulnerable than the sparser populations of the Bay of Plenty due to the higher availability of potential colonizers and faster population growth. Thus regions, and habitats in some regions, should be subject to separate ecological risk assessment to help identify the key risks and consequences of human activities, and to inform options for reducing or mitigating impacts.     

"2003.1"黔东南暴雪天气过程的对称不稳定分析

采用对称不稳定判据,对发生在2003年1月5～6日一次罕见的黔东南暴雪天气过程进行了分析,结果表明：暴雪产生在对称不稳定大气中,低空急流促使对流层低层暖湿气流辐合上升,触发对称不稳定能量释放,产生暴雪天气。西南涡、横切变和暴雪区有向对称不稳定区移动的趋势。     

Mapping the crustal thickness in southwest Japan using Moho-reflected waves

In this work we have tried to detect and collect later phases associated with the Moho discontinuity and use them to study the lateral variations of the crustal thickness in southwest (SW) Japan. We first compute synthetic seismograms for local earthquakes taking into account the focal mechanism solutions estimated from first motion polarity data. Then we compare the synthetics with the observed waveforms to detect the major later phases in seismograms of shallow crustal earthquakes in SW Japan. Taking the advantage of the high quality and great quantity of Hi-net waveform data now available throughout the entire Japan Islands, we have detected 1659 Moho-reflected phases (PmP and SmS) from shallow events in SW Japan. We estimated the crustal thickness in the study area using travel time differences between these later phases and the first P and S arrivals. Our results show that the Moho is deep in Chubu district and becomes shallower along the coastlines of the Japan Sea and the Pacific Ocean. A thinner crust appears in Osaka Bay and Awajii Island where the 1995 Kobe earthquake (M7.2) occurred.     

Long-term river discharge and multidecadal climate variability inferred from varved sediments, southwest Alaska

Sedimentological analyses of 289 years (AD 1718-2006) of varved sediment from Shadow Bay, southwest Alaska, were used to investigate hydroclimate variability during and prior to the instrumental period. Varve thicknesses relate most strongly to total annual discharge (r² = 0.75, n = 43, p < 0.0001). Maximum annual grain size depends most strongly on maximum spring daily discharge (r² = 0.63, n = 43, p < 0.0001) and maximum annual daily discharge (r² = 0.61, n = 43, p < 0.0001), while varve thickness is poorly correlated with maximum annual grain size (r² = 0.004, n = 287, p = 0.33). Relations between varve thickness and annual climate variables (temperature, precipitation, North Pacific (NP) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) indices) are insignificant. On multidecadal timescales, however, regime shifts in varve thickness and total annual discharge coincide with shifts in NP and PDO indices. Periods with increased varve thickness and total annual discharge were associated with warm PDO phases and a strengthened Aleutian Low. The varve-inferred record of PDO suggests that any periodicity in the PDO varied over time, and that the early 19th century marked a transition to a more frequent or detectable shifts.     

均匀流场中并列圆柱涡激振动的现状与预测

并列圆柱体在均匀流场中的涡激振动十分复杂，但又广泛存在于实际工程之中。当两柱在流体激励作用下产生振动时，由于同时存在着流固耦合作用和柱间干扰作用，而使周围流场变得更加复杂。本文对并列刚性和弹性圆柱的流场分类，Ｓｔｒｏｕｈａｌ数及流体载荷等问题进行了综述，在此基础上提出了进一步研究的建议。     

一次西南涡东移引起的长江上游流域强降水过程分析

利用MICAPS常规观测资料、FY2E卫星云图资料、fnl 1°×1°资料和三峡梯级调度自动化降水资料对2016年6月30日长江上游流域的暴雨过程进行分析。结果表明：在有利的大尺度环流背景配合下,产生此次强降水过程的主要影响系统是西南涡和低空急流,副热带高压和大陆高压的稳定维持使得西南涡移动缓慢,低空急流的加强使得西南涡加强,从而造成大范围的暴雨;本次过程地面没有冷空气触发,是一次在西南低空急流中出现的暖区强降水过程;高空分流区增强了高层辐散抽吸作用,使得西南涡不断发展加强。     

一次西南低涡降水雷达回波结构和演变特征分析

基于新一代天气雷达三维组网等多源气象数据分析了2009年7月30～31日的一次西南低涡触发的强降水天气过程以及主要降水时段雷达回波三维结构及演变特征,研究发现：(1)西南低涡降水与低涡强度发展存在不一致性,强降水出现在低涡强度达到最强之前;(2)中尺度对流系统的发生、发展是此次低涡降水的重要影响因素,西南低涡与中尺度对流系统既相互独立又相互影响,降水是两者共同作用的结果;(3)最强组合反射率因子同样出现在西南低涡发展到最强盛之前,西南低涡能显著影响盆地内降水雷达回波的强度与类型。     

九龙站在西南低涡/晴朗天气背景下观测资料的对比分析

本文基于中国气象局成都高原气象研究所2017年西南涡加密观测资料,对比分析了西南低涡主要源地九龙站在西南低涡/晴朗这两种不同天气背景下,各个基本物理量的日变化特征及存在的差异,认为：西南涡天气背景下,边界层高度较低,而晴朗天气状况下,边界层大气湍流运动强烈,对流混合伸展高度非常惊人,能超过3000m。西南涡天气背景下,夜间大气较为暖湿,气压显著偏低,上层大气风速较大,便于动量下传。晴朗天气背景下,大气较为干燥,温度日较差偏大,大气压较高,白天湍流混合强。越靠近地面差异越显著,差值随高度的增加而逐渐减小。