城市实时交通监测中关键路口的选择

本文利用图论中的顶点覆盖算法和GIS中的网络分析技术，对非嵌入式传感器在路网中的最优定位问题，即关键路口点的选择问题进行了探讨。其目的在于选择最少的路口点而覆盖最大的路网范围，从而最大限度地掌握交通流在路网上的分布和变化。由于顶点覆盖是一个NP完全问题，本文将采用一个启发式算法，并在一个模拟的路网结构上进行解算。     

A fuzzy‐based simulation method for modelling hydrological processes under uncertainty

In this study, a fuzzy‐based simulation method (FBSM) is developed for modelling hydrological processes associated with vague information through coupling fuzzy vertex analysis technique with distributed hydrological model. The FBSM can handle uncertainties existed as fuzzy sets in the hydrological modelling systems, and solutions under an associated number of α‐cut levels can be generated by solving 2ⁿ deterministic models. The lower reach of the Tarim River Basin in China is selected as a study case for demonstrating applicability of the proposed method. The developed model is calibrated and validated against observed groundwater elevation for four wells during the period 2000–2001, and generally performed acceptable for model Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient (R2) and correlation coefficient (R). The R2 is approximately over 0·65 and the correlation coefficient is higher than 0·90. Based on the technique of fuzzy simulation, the uncertainties of two parameters (K_H and LC) are reflected under different α‐cut levels. The results indicate that, under a lower degree of plausibility, the interval between the lower and upper bounds of the groundwater elevation is wider; conversely, a higher degree of plausibility would lead to a narrow interval. The main effect of K_H is more significant than the effect of LC at most well sites. The proposed method is useful for studying hydrological processes within a system containing multiple factors with uncertainties and providing support for identifying proper water resources management strategies. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

塔西南坳陷烃源岩生标特征对比及沉积环境指示意义

塔西南各油气田油源问题长期存在争议.基于地表露头和井下烃源岩样品实验分析结果,对塔西南坳陷寒武系、石炭系、下二叠统和侏罗系4套烃源岩生标特征对比分析,揭示生标对该区沉积环境指示意义.研究表明,综合规则甾烷系列分布类型、正构烷烃色谱峰形、姥植比、伽玛蜡烷含量和升藿烷指数等参数能有效区分各套烃源岩.据上述研究认为寒武系烃源岩形成于咸水、强还原环境,有机质类型最好,以低等水生生物为主.石炭系和下二叠统烃源岩多为半咸水、还原环境沉积物,有机质类型为混合型.侏罗系烃源岩有机质类型最差,以陆相高等植物沉积为主.     

约束Delaunay三角网点删除的一体化凸耳消元法(IEE)

对Delaunay三角网(CD—TIN)点删除算法——凸耳消元法(EE)进行剖析,提出约束Delaunay三角网的点删除算法——体化凸耳消元法(IEE)。该算法将CD-TIN的点删除转化为点的影响域重构,并保证重构后的CD—TIN满足CD—TIN的可视性与空圆法则,确保了CD—TIN的拓扑完备性,实现了CD—TIN中约束点与非约束点删除的一体化操作和局部更新,并得到实验验证。     

Permo–Triassic unconformity-related Au-Pd mineralisation, South Devon, UK: new insights and the European perspective

An integrated mineralogical-geochemical study of unconformity-related Au-Pd occurrences within and around the Permo–Triassic basins of southwest England, UK, has confirmed the importance of low temperature (86±13°C), hydrothermal carbonate veins as hosts for the mineralisation. Fluid inclusion data for the carbonate gangue, supported by stable isotope (¹³C and ¹⁸O) and radiogenic (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) data, have identified three principal fluids: (1) a reducing calcic brine [>25 wt% salinity, <0.5 NaCl/(NaCl+CaCl₂)] originating in the sub-unconformity basement and an expression of advanced mineral–fluid interaction; (2) an oxidising sodic brine [~16 wt% salinity, >0.9 NaCl/(NaCl+CaCl₂)] originating in the post-unconformity red beds under evaporitic conditions, and (3) an oxygenated, low salinity groundwater (<3 wt% salinity). The sodic brine is reasoned to be the parent metalliferous fluid and to have acquired its enrichment in Au and Pd by the leaching of immature sediments and intra-rift volcanic rocks within the local Permo–Triassic basins. Metal precipitation is linked to the destabilisation of Au and Pd chloride complexes by either mixing with calcic brines, dilution by groundwaters or interaction with reduced lithologies. This explains the diversity of mineralised settings below and above the unconformity and their affinity with red bed brines. The paucity of sulphide minerals, the development of selenides (as ore minerals and as mineral inclusion in gold grains), the presence of rhodochrosite and manganoan calcites (up to 2.5 wt% Mn in calcite) and the co-precipitation of hematite and manganese oxides are consistent with the overall high oxidation state of the ore fluids. A genetic model is proposed linking Permo–Triassic red beds, the mixing of oxidising and reducing brines, and the development of unconformity-related precious metal mineralisation. Comparison with other European Permo–Triassic basins reveals striking similarities in geological setting, mineralogy and geochemistry with Au, Au-Pd and selenide occurrences in Germany (Tilkerode, Korbach-Goldhausen), Poland (Lubin) and the Czech Republic (Svoboda nad Úpou and Stupná). Though the known Au-Pd occurrences are sub-economic, several predictive criteria are proposed for further exploration.Editorial handling: B. Lehmann     

Lunar and solar barometric tides at Rarotonga,Cook Islands

Lunar and solar atmospheric tidal oscillations have been determined with reasonable accuracy from a ten-year record of hourly mercury-barometer readings, corrected to mean-sea-level, at Rarotonga (Cook Islands), 21.2°S. For the lunar semidiurnal tide, the annual determination shows an amplitude (56 b) slightly lower and a phase (51°) much smaller than the values (58 b, 72°) that would be derived, for the position of Rarotonga, from the spherical harmonic analysis given byHaurwitz andCowley (1969). The seasonal variation of this oscillation, as given by the monthly and J, E, D values, shows most of the characteristic features found in world-wide determinations. In particular, the near equality of the J, D amplitudes at Rarotonga tends to support theHaurwitz andCowley (1969) suggestion of negative J-D values in southern middle latitudes. For the solar tides, the semidiurnal and terdiurnal oscillations at Rarotonga are similar to those found at other stations in the south-west Pacific region. However, for the diurnal oscillation, the annual amplitude (232 b) is only about half the value (465 b) indicated for the position of Rarotonga by the world maps of theS ₁(p) annual harmonic coefficients given byHaurwitz (1965). It thus seems likely that the relatively small area of lowS ₁(p) annual amplitude in the eastern part of the south Pacific, as indicated by these maps, is much more extensive than formerly supposed.     

利用热成风适应原理对暖性西南低涡生成机制的再分析

本文采用σ-p混合坐标系,根据非绝热和地形影响下的热成风适应原理,探讨了暖性西南低涡生成的机制。分析表明:正的非热成风涡度是低涡生成的一个重要指标;对流层中低层的暖平流中心,地面的可感加热,低层的暖空气与场面气压p~*的负变压中心配合,或与它的负平流中心相配合,将产生正的非热成风涡度;场面气压的梯度(?)p~*,高低压中心的空间分布(?)~2p~*,场面气压的变压(?)p~*/(?)t和平流(-(?)_h·(?)p_*)等都与垂直运动直接有关。地形还影响热成风适应特征尺度(或变形半径)L~o。在一般条件下,地形和潜热的作用使L_o比不考虑两者作用时的L_o变小,易使L>L_o条件满足,更有利于流场向温度场适应。     

西南岩溶区岩溶水有效开发利用规划分区

我国西南岩溶地区由于自然地理、地质构造背景特征,造成了岩溶水补给、径流、排泄及动态的差异,以及在开发利用岩溶水资源的方式和途径上的不同。本文以岩溶水赋存条件及其地质环境条件为基础,依据岩溶水的富水性、开发意义、开发的紧迫性以及开发方式和社会效益,进行岩溶水有效开发利用规划分区,为该地区的岩溶水有效开发提供参考。      

岩体卸荷与水电工程

根据20世纪70年代以来我国西南山区大型水电工程实践,讨论了水电工程建设中岩体卸荷的地质现象和工程地质问题。文中介绍了我国工程地质界对岩体卸荷现象的认识过程和工程应用实践,提出以卸荷裂隙力学机制类型作为卸荷带划分的参照依据,并以典型实例对岸坡中在正常卸荷带以里出现的深裂缝及深卸荷问题作了探讨,提出我国深裂缝和深卸荷的力学机制基本模式。结合实例,讨论了岩体卸荷在水电工程实践应用中的一些问题。     

基于单调性图形综合的面状要素名称注记定位线确定

针对数字地图制图环境下采用平行线法确定面状要素名称注记定位线的局限性，在分析其产生原因的基础上，提出化简多边形图形的一种新模型——歧点删除法原型，并结合面状要素名称注记配置规则和软多边形与硬多边形图形特征，对歧点删除法原型做出了新的改进，提出了用平行线法确定软多边形与硬多边形名称注记定位线时，化简多边形的两种改进性歧点删除法，分别命名为面向软多边形名称注记配置化简图形歧点删除法与面向硬多边形名称注记配置化简图形歧点删除法，其中最为关键的思想为对多边形从3个旋转方位连续实施4次图形综合，并提出第一旋转角、第二旋转角两个概念，打破了平行线法的局限性，使所获取的注记定位线与地图制图专业人员人工确定结果相一致，达到了用简单方法解决自动化地图注记配置难题的效果。大量实验结果及理论分析表明，该方法数学逻辑严密、实施简单，对数字地图制图环境下“地图注记自动配置”有理论与技术指导意义。