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991.
992.
从描述南、北半球间大气经向质量传输的角度人手,考察IPCC第4次评估报告提供的8个AMIP大气环流模式对越赤道质量通量输送的模拟性能。结果表明:NCAR、MPI和UKMO模式模拟出的越赤道整层大气质量通量与观测大体相一致;MIROC3模拟的整层大气质量通量年循环与观测结果相去甚远,尤其在夏季模拟出较强的虚假向北大气质量输送;IAP模拟的整层大气质量通量年循环方向与观测结果在7个月份中相反;把垂直大气分为4层.各模式对700 hPa以下(I_1)和300-70 hPa(I_3)两层质量通量的模拟能力普遍较好;对700-300 hPa层(I_2)质量通量模拟结果偏差较大;除MIROC3外,其余模式基本能够模拟出70-10 hPa(I_4)大气质量通量的季节变化.显然,不仅南、北半球间大气存在质量交换,越过其他纬度同样存在着经向大气质量输送,无论冬季、夏季还是年平均,各模式对越过其他纬度(60°S-60°N)经向大气质量输送的模拟结果与观测差异明显。整体权衡,UKMO_HADGEMl在模拟越赤道大气质量通量方面表现突出,MPI_ECHAM5模式优势较明显;NCAR、GISS和GFDL 3个模式在某些压力层内具有较好的模拟水平;MIROC模式对整层、700-300 hPa层的模拟能力较低,而对700 hPa以下层和300-70 hPa层的模拟水平较高;IAP_FGOALS和CNRM模式在模拟越赤道大气质量通量方面存在一定的不足. 相似文献
993.
1997年 9月至 1 999年 6月在中国气象局固城农业气象试验基地人工控制农田水分试验场进行了冬小麦不同底墒处理的试验 ,结果表明 :底墒显著影响冬小麦的生长发育和产量 ,对冬小麦总生物量、地上和地下生物量的影响在小麦生长后期比前期明显 ;底墒与植株高度、叶面积系数有良好的二次曲线关系 ;底墒显著影响产量构成因素 ,其与籽粒重有相当好的二次曲线关系 ,并据此确定了冬小麦播种时不同深度土层的最佳底墒 :0~ 1 m为 88% ,0~ 2 m为82 % . 相似文献
994.
Experimental study of strong reflection of regular water waves over submerged breakwaters in tandem 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
A series of laboratory experiments was carried out to investigate the strong reflection of regular water waves over a train of submerged breakwaters. Rectangular and trapezoidal shapes of submerged breakwaters are employed and compared for reflecting capability of incident waves. Measured reflection coefficients of regular waves over impermeable submerged breakwaters are verified by comparing with those of the eigenfunction expansion method. A very good agreement is observed. Reflection coefficients of permeable submerged breakwaters are less than those of impermeable breakwaters. The trapezoidal shape is recommended for a submerged breakwater in terms of reflecting capability and practical application. 相似文献
995.
996.
Arid-site recharge, while generally low, can be highly variable. Recharge under similar climate and soil conditions but with different plant cover and topography can vary from zero to more than the annual precipitation. Simple estimates of recharge based on fixed fractions of annual precipitation are misleading because they do not reflect the plant and soil factors controlling recharge. Detailed water balance models, successful for irrigated agriculture, fail to predict evapotranspiration accurately under conditions where plants suffer seasonal water stress and cover is sparse. Recharge, when estimated as a residual in water balance models, may be in error by as much as an order of magnitude. Similar errors can occur when soil water flow models are used with measured or estimated soil hydraulic conductivities and tension gradients. Lysimetry and tracer tests offer the best hope for evaluating recharge at arid sites, particularly in siting waste disposal facilities, where reliable recharge estimates are needed. Quantification of drainage using lysimetry over several years under a given set of soil, plant, and climate conditions for a specific site can provide a basis for calibrating models for recharge prediction. Tracer tests using such long-lived tracers as 36Cl or perhaps stable isotopes (180, deuterium) can provide qualitative estimates of recent recharge at a given site. 相似文献
997.
Inversion techniques of the radiative transfer equation for polarized light are presented as one of the best current procedures to infer the vector magnetic field, as well as other quantities governing the physical state of the atmospheric layers that photons are coming from. Several characteristics of the various available inversion procedures are pointed out. They are mostly based on the diagnostic contents of the spectral lines as well as on the main hypotheses assumed in these procedures. In particular, the role of gradients in the atmospheric quantities is emphasized as of paramount importance in any diagnostic analysis and, hence, in any interpretation of inversion results. 相似文献
998.
999.
Recent work has shown the dominance of the Himalaya in supporting the Indian summer monsoon(ISM),perhaps by surface sensible heating along its southern slope and by mechanical blocking acting to separate moist tropical flow from drier midlatitude air.Previous studies have also shown that Indian summer rainfall is largely unaffected in sensitivity experiments that remove only the Tibetan Plateau.However,given the large biases in simulating the monsoon in CMIP5 models,such results may be model dependent.This study investigates the impact of orographic forcing from the Tibetan Plateau,Himalaya and Iranian Plateau on the ISM and East Asian summer monsoon(EASM) in the UK Met Office's Had GEM3-GA6 and China's Institute of Atmospheric Physics FGOALS-FAMIL global climate models.The models chosen feature oppositesigned biases in their simulation of the ISM rainfall and circulation climatology.The changes to ISM and EASM circulation across the sensitivity experiments are similar in both models and consistent with previous studies.However,considerable differences exist in the rainfall responses over India and China,and in the detailed aspects such as onset and retreat dates.In particular,the models show opposing changes in Indian monsoon rainfall when the Himalaya and Tibetan Plateau orography are removed.Our results show that a multi-model approach,as suggested in the forthcoming Global Monsoon Model Intercomparison Project(GMMIP) associated with CMIP6,is needed to clarify the impact of orographic forcing on the Asian monsoon and to fully understand the implications of model systematic error. 相似文献
1000.
We present three-dimensional numerical models of the ascent of a plume under a spreading ridge and the concomitant melt generation and crust formation using a mantle viscosity which depends on pressure, temperature, melt content, and, optionally, water content. From the velocity field of these convection models we compute the viscous stress tensor in the mantle. Assuming that melt-rich channels or melt-filled dikes are oriented parallel to the maximum compressional stress, we calculate the orientation of such dikes in the partially molten zone of the plume head and beneath the ridge. For the central part of the plume we find dike orientations parallel to the ridge in shallow parts of the plume head, while they are ridge-perpendicular at greater depth. The boundary between these two regimes is shifted downwards for a water-rich plume which dehydrates upon melting. The two regimes of different dike or melt channel orientations seem to be in good agreement with seismic observations on depth-dependent seismic anisotropy, indicating a preference of our wet model. We find a modest focusing of melt towards the spreading center beneath normal ridge in both models, but also in the fully dehydrated parts of the plume head in the model where water was included; those are regions where upwelling is essentially passive. In contrast, the plume in the water-free model and the only partly dehydrated parts of the plume in the water-bearing model tend to develop a dike orientation which moves melt away from the spreading center; these regions are characterized by active upwelling. The defocusing of melt in actively upwelling plume mantle has radial symmetry about the plume axis, i.e. an outward orientation of the dikes is not only visible in planes perpendicular to the ridge, but also along the ridge. 相似文献