基于虚拟土理念的中国耕地资源价值核算初探

在经济高速发展带来土地资源日趋紧张的形势下,深化对耕地资源价值的认识,有助于实现耕地资源空间布局优化和耕地市场化流转.该文在明确虚拟土内涵与类型划分的基础上,从经济、社会和生态价值属性出发,运用收益还原法、替代法等方法,以省级为单位,分别测算了中国产能虚拟土、资源虚拟土和生态虚拟土价值,通过SPSS聚类分析和GIS空间分析,从虚拟土角度分析我国耕地资源价值的空间分布差异.研究结果表明,产能虚拟土得分最高的广东省是得分最低的内蒙古自治区的8.94倍;资源虚拟土得分最高的上海市是得分最低的黑龙江省的96.10倍;生态虚拟土得分最高的上海市是得分最低的贵州省的9.25倍.在空间分布上,产能虚拟土与纬度气候带分布基本一致,资源虚拟土分布受经济影响较大,而生态虚拟土分布则受气候和经济因素共同作用.     

宁夏盐池县相对资源承载力

采用相对资源承载力的理论与研究方法,定量分析了盐池县8个乡镇相对资源承载力时空变化及差异特征,并对承载力匹配特征进行空间表达。结果表明：盐池县辖各乡镇相对于盐池县的综合人口承载力表现出严重超载、超载和富余3种不同的状态;相对自然资源经济承载力时空变化稳定,自然资源的经济潜力不断增大;相对草地资源牲畜承载力随时间推移不断递增且空间差异明显;依据3种承载力状态组合划分了不同的承载力匹配类型,并提出不同类型的可持续发展策略。本研究可为盐池县禁牧10年后各乡镇发展提供建议,并为“退牧还草”政策的继续实施提供理论支持。     

巴丹吉林沙漠南缘的植物固沙问题

在野外考察的基础上,选择13个典型样地,研究了巴丹吉林沙漠南缘植被组成、群落特征和植被格局。结果表明：调查的样地中有荒漠植物31种,其中灌木12种,多年生草本11种,一二年生草本8种。种群密度3 000—14 000株·hm^-2,优势种在群落中地位显著,群落稳定性较差;植被斑块面积小、最大斑块指数低。沙漠南缘年降水量虽然仅100 mm左右,但有霸王（Zygophyllum xanthoxylon）、红砂（Reaumuria soongarica）和沙蒿（Artemisia desertorum）等灌木和半灌木天然植物群落分布,有白刺（Nitraria tangutorum）和膜果麻黄（Ephedra przewalskii）灌丛沙堆,沙丘上生长着沙拐枣（Calligonum mongolicum）、沙鞭（Psammochloa villosa）等种群生存,且在沙漠延伸带流动沙丘上已成功建立了梭梭（Haloxylon ammodendron）人工固沙植被,表明在巴丹吉林沙漠南缘建立以乡土植物为主的固沙植被是可行的。在未来研究中,应在山水林田湖草沙生命共同体理念下加强从区域尺度上解析水、植被和沙的关系,系统了解生态系统的原真性、完整性和连通性及生态系统稳定性维持等问题,优化生态景观格局,确定生态保护目标和建设规模,同时要加强对乡土植物适应干旱风沙机制和扩繁保育技术研究,以便为区域生态建设和生态保护提供科技支撑。     

气候变化对中国大雾的影响

1 Introduction The global environmental problem caused by climatic warming has attracted increasing attention of the scientific communities, the public and governments of various countries. The mean temperature of the recent decade is the highest of the p…     

Designing a spatial pattern to rebalance the orientation of development and protection in Wuhan

Patterns of spatial development and protection form a basic category of geoscience,and redesigning them is a popular subject of research in regional sustainable development that is important for ecological civilization construction.The authors here report a case study of Wuhan city using the circuit theory model and minimum cumulative resistance(MCR)model to rebalance its spatial protection and development.The results show the following:(1)Using the density of the gross domestic product(GDP),density of population,rate of urbanization,and access to transportation as evaluation indicators,seven core areas of development in Wuhan were identified,accounting for 59%of the total number of streets,that exhibited a “circular-satellite”spatial structure.(2)According to the importance of ecosystem services,ecological sensitivity,land use type,and slope of the terrain,the resistance surface of spatial development in Wuhan had a stereoscopic spatial form of an“inverted pyramid,”with high surroundings and a low center.The area of low resistance accounted for 6.64%of the total area of Wuhan.(3)Based on coupling analysis using the MCR and spatial morphological characteristics of current,nine axes of spatial development with a total area of 427.27 km2 and eight key strategic points with a total area of 40.02 km2 were identified.Streets that were prioritized for development accounted for 9.63%of Wuhan's total area.(4)By combining the characterization of the development axis with the structure of the three-level core area,we extracted the structure of spatial development of "one heart,two wings,and three belts" in Wuhan.The research framework and empirical results can provide scientific guidance for the urban spatial layout,the development of regional linkages,and ecological environmental protection in China.     

Landscape Controls on Structural Variation in Eucalypt Vegetation Communities: Woronora Plateau,Australia

Quantification of landscape-based vegetation structural variation and pattern is a significant goal for a variety of ecological, monitoring and biodiversity studies. Vegetation structural metrics, derived from airborne laser scanning (ALS or aerial light detection and ranging—LiDAR) and QuickBird satellite imagery, were used to establish the degree of plot-based vegetation variation at a hillslope scale. Topographic position is an indicator of energy and water availability, and was quantified using DEM-based insolation and topographic wetness, respectively, stratifying areas into hot-warm-cold and wet-moist-dry topographic classes. A range of vegetation metrics—maximum and modal canopy height, crown cover, foliage cover, NDVI and semivariance—were compared among randomly selected plots from each topographic class. NDVI increases with increasing landscape wetness, whereas ALS-derived foliage cover decreases with increasing insolation. Foliage cover is well correlated with crown cover (R ² =0.65), and since foliage cover is readily calculable for whole-of-landscape application, it will provide valuable and complementary information to NDVI. Between-plot heterogeneity increases with increasing wetness and decreasing insolation, indicating that more sampling is required in these locations to capture the full range of landscape-based variability. Pattern analysis in landscape ecology is one of the fundamental requirements of landscape ecology, and the methods described here offer statistically significant, quantifiable and repeatable means to realise that goal at a fine spatial grain.     

岩石变形破坏的熵突变过程与破坏判据

在岩石的变形破坏过程中,当进入不稳定的破裂发展阶段之后,系统不断调整结构抵抗外力的扰动,裂纹向局域集中的有序方向发展,应变能不断耗散,并以应变能的耗散为媒介,使系统与外扰动所追加的负熵流产生能量流通,也使系统熵值和系统的维数逐次降低,这一阶段岩石系统远离平衡态,岩石的破坏是系统熵的突变过程。基于这一认识,并在验证应变能分布与结构块度分布模式的一致性的基础上,推导出包含了结构因素和能量分布的熵表达式;对熵表达式进行平衡分析获得局部突变的分岔集,得到了岩石局部破坏的熵折迭突变破坏准则;同时,探讨了熵表达式所表征的结构有序度的尖点突变性,解出岩石系统的分岔集,这个分岔集就是岩石系统熵突变的整体破坏准则。     

西部山区县级土地利用制图的尺度选择——以四川省甘孜州为例

针对西部山区县级土地利用总体规划修编工作中暴露出的制图尺度问题,以四川省甘孜州为例,在土地利用制图成果的基础上分析了该区内石渠、甘孜、乡城不同尺度的县级土地利用制图效果。通过对比,探讨了西部山区土地利用制图适宜尺度的选择。结果表明：（1）不同尺度下县级土地利用制图在保持精度前提下,更注重经费和人力投入来合理选择尺度。（2）西部山区土地详细规划制图宜采用大比例尺（1∶5万或更大）;县级重点城镇的土地详细规划,以1∶500或1∶1 000为主。土地利用总体规划制图,州级重点县可以考虑1∶1万-1∶5万尺度,重点城镇采用1∶1 000和1∶500;一般县宜采用1∶5万-1∶10万的尺度;而其他如位于高寒牧区的县可以采取1∶10万-1∶25万的数据。     

Analyses of organic and inorganic contaminants in Salton Sea fish

Chemical contamination of fish from the Salton Sea, a quasi-marine lake in Southern California, could adversely impact millions of birds using the Pacific Flyway and thousands of humans using the lake for recreation. Bairdiella icistia (bairdiella), Cynoscion xanthulus (orangemouth corvina), and Oreochromis spp. (tilapia) were sampled from two river mouths and two nearshore areas of the Salton Sea. Muscle tissues were analyzed for a complete suite of 14 trace metals and 53 pesticides. Fish muscle tissues had concentrations of selenium ranging between 1.89 and 2.73 microg/g wet weight. 4,4'-DDE accounted for 94% of the total DDT metabolites. Total DDTs ranged between 17.1 and 239.0 and total PCBs between 2.5 and 18.6 ng/g wet weight. PCB congeners 132, 138, 153, 168, and 180 comprised over 50% of the total PCBs. Given the potential implementation of a commercial fishing at the Salton Sea in the future, the presence of persistent organic pollutants and selenium warrants further research into the effects of these mixtures on fish populations, and on wildlife and humans consuming fish.     

收缩情境下城市用地结构时空格局演变及动力机制——以中国东北地区为例

构建城市用地结构时空格局演变分析框架,引入信息熵和偏移份额模型定量剖析2000-2017年中国东北地区城市用地结构时空格局演变特征,通过计量经济模型分阶段对比分析收缩情境下东北地区城市用地结构演变的动力机制.结果表明:东北地区城市用地总面积持续增长,用地结构信息熵整体呈现先上升、后下降的趋势.2011年以后,城市用地结...