Stress–strain behaviour of a loosely compacted volcanic-derived soil and its significance to rainfall-induced fill slope failures

The stress–strain behaviour of a soil is crucial to the recognition of the mechanism of slope failure. Triaxial tests, composed of isotropically consolidated drained (ICD) and undrained compression (ICU) tests and anisotropically consolidated constant deviatoric stress path (CQD) tests, were carried out with the aim of investigating the stress–strain behaviour of loosely compacted volcanic-derived soils. The fact that the critical states are the same for ICU, ICD and CQD tests may show that the critical state is independent of the above three stress paths. The critical state line, as defined in critical state soil mechanics, is obtained from the e–log p′ and q–p′ plots based on the results of the above tests. The initial state of the consolidated specimens at initiation of failure may be classified as dilative or contractive in the light of the locations of the soil state relative to the critical state line. For contractional soils, the increased pore water pressure generated by rainfall infiltration leads to a contractive failure in a drained manner, giving rise to high excess pore water pressure. The excess pore water pressure caused by contraction cannot be dissipated instantly, resulting in a decrease in the shear resistance of the soil. The failure process is rapid. The failed soil mass is prone to flow after failure under the action of gravity due to its high moisture content and inflow of surface runoff and rainwater. For dilational soils, the increased pore water pressure resulting from infiltration leads to dilation, which reduces pore water pressure and thus increases the shear resistance of the soil. However, continued rainfall infiltration may be able to equilibrate the reduction in pore water pressure caused by dilation and, therefore, the dilation or displacement can continue. In Hong Kong, volcanic-derived soil is characterized by high permeability. Both the high permeability of volcanic-derived soil and a shallow failure surface make it possible for the reduction in pore pressure to equilibrate relatively quickly. Therefore, the failure is also rapid, at least for poorly compacted fill slopes.     

CHANNEL EROSION DAMAGES AND PROTECTION MEASURES IN SOUTHEAST ARIZONA

1INTRODUCTIONThesouthwesternregionoftheUnitedStates,includingSoutheastArizona,ischaracterizedbyasemiaridclimatewithhotsummers,mildwinters,andephemeralstreamsdrainingsparselyvegetatedareas.ChannelmorphologyoftheephemeralstreamsinSoutheastArizonaisinfluencedbybothlateralandverticalchannelchangesoccurringduringmajorfloods.Lateralchannelchangesoccurinthreewaysbankerosion,meandermigration,andchannelavulsion.Verticalchannelchangesinclude,beddegradationoraggradation,andmayoccurseparatelyorinco…     

浮游植物生物量研究 Ⅰ.浮游植物生物量细胞体积转化法

在海洋生态动力学研究过程中,采用浮游植物细胞数量来估算浮游植物丰度可以说是不够精确的,因为不同种的浮游植物细胞大小差别很大,只有浮游植物的生物量才能正确反映海洋生态系中的能量分布.本文以拟合浮游植物细胞相似体积方法,基于胶州湾生态动力学研究所获资料,计算了87种中国近海常见浮游植物的细胞体积、鲜重、碳含量、氮含量.     

秋茄缺绿和正常植株叶片的叶绿素含量和叶绿体结构

本文研究了秋茄正常和缺绿幼苗叶片的叶绿素含量和叶绿体结构,结果表明,缺绿植株叶片中叶绿素a,b及总量均远低于正常植株叶片,它们的含量均不到正常植株叶片的10％,缺绿叶片的叶绿体结构也与正常叶片存在着较大的差异,缺绿片叶绿体中没有基粒堆,几乎没有淀粉体,嗜锇体数目也比较少,但存在着类囊体。     

胜利海上油田分队计量研究

通过γ射线穿透油、气、水混合物后的透射和散射计数,经理论模拟计算,实现对原油含水率在线计量分析,测量含水率范围为３％－１００％,精度在２％以内。在实际应用过程中,运行稳定,易于操作,特别是修正了由于原油中含气地含水率测量带来的误差,技术和性能指标均已契过以往各种含水测量仪,通过应用,实现了海洋石油开发公司采油一、二分公司和油气集输大队的分队计量,使生产管理水平整体上了一个新台阶。     

滇黔交界地区峨眉山玄武岩铜矿的PGE及微量元素特征

为了进一步探讨玄武岩铜矿的成因,文章对滇黔交界地区玄武岩铜矿石的铜、铂族元素及其他微量元素的地球化学特征进行了研究。结果表明：与铜矿化关系密切的有机质对铜的初始富集作用不明显,铜矿化是后生热液成因的,进一步支持了玄武岩为铜矿化的矿源岩、沥青及碳质等有机质的存在只是为自然铜沉淀提供了条件的认识。而且,铜矿石的低U、Th含量为该类铜矿石的铅是正常铅提供了合理的解释。     

Rapid magnetic susceptibility measurement as a tracer to assess the erosion–deposition process using tillage homogenization and simple proportional models: A case study in northern of Morocco

Soil erosion is a significant threat in the Rif region in northern Morocco. Hence, accurate cartography of the phenomenon, magnitude, and extent of erosion in the area needs a simple, rapid, and economical method such as magnetic susceptibility (MS). The current study aims to: (i) determine the factors influencing the variation of soil MS, (ii) exploit MS to estimate soil loss using two approaches in different homogenous units characterized by the same climatic conditions with different edaphic characteristics (land use, slope, and lithology), and (iii) highlight the potential for using MS as a cheap and rapid tracer of a long term erosion and deposition processes. Mass-specific magnetic susceptibility at low (χ_lf) and high (χ_hf) frequencies were measured for 182 soil samples collected in the study area. A tillage homogenization (T-H) model and a simple proportional model (SPM) were applied on an undisturbed soil profile to predict the eroded soil depths for given cores. The results confirm that χ_lf is influenced by land use, slope, and soil type. Pedogenesis is the main factor affecting soil MS enhancement, indicated by homogenous magnetic mineralogy with a dominance of super-paramagnetic (SP) and stable single domain (SSD) magnetic grains. The study results show that higher soil losses have occurred in almost all the soil samples when applying the T-H model compared to application of the SPM. The SPM underestimates erosion due to its ignorance of the MS of the plow layers after erosion. The current study implies the high efficacy of magnetic susceptibility as the quick, easily measurable, simple, and cost-effective approach that can be used as an alternative technique for evaluating soil redistribution.     

Inhibitability of soil loss and sediment concentration during consecutive rainfalls from experimental plots treated by endemic microorganisms

Consecutive rainfalls, due to changes in antecedent moisture, alter soil erosion processes, necessitating the implementation of suitable soil loss control methods. Biological soil microorganism approaches have been applied to control soil loss. However, information on the involvement of microorganisms in the soil loss and rill erosion processes has yet to be supplied. In this study, the individual and combined inoculation of cyanobacteria and bacteria was investigated during five consecutive rai...     

Base flow separation for soil erosion simulation in a granitic forested headwater catchment using a process-based model,GeoWEPP

Distributed erosion models, which simulate the physical processes of water flow and soil erosion, are effective for predicting soil erosion in forested catchments. Although subsurface flow through multiple pathways is dominant for runoff generation in forested headwater catchments, the process-based erosion model, Geo-spatial interface for Water Erosion Prediction Project(Geo WEPP), does not have an adequate subsurface component for the simulation of hillslope water flow. In the current study, t...     

中国北方四剖面CaCO3含量变化及其反映的古降水量

中国北方自西向东的4个剖面,各地层CaCO3的含量呈现逐渐减少的规律。科尔沁剖面和延长剖面、西宁盘子山剖面CaCO3含量曲线表现出的特征为：在每一个古土壤单元的下部一定深度内CaCO3曲线都表现为一个明显的峰;新疆塔勒德剖面的各古土壤的CaCO3含量表现为表层比中、下部要高。利用CaCO3淀积深度恢复出来的部分区域的古降水量显示,末次间冰期期间盘子山剖面的古降水量大为352mm,延长剖面和科尔沁剖面的古降水量大约为500-550mm;末次冰期的间冰阶阶段科尔沁剖面的古降水量大致为320～360mm;延长剖面古降水量大约为443mm;全新世以来盘子山剖面的古降水量大约为306mm,延长剖面和科尔沁剖面的古降水量大约为320-380mm。这些数据可为半定量恢复地质历史时期古环境状况提供依据。