社会资本对区域创新能力的影响

社会资本影响知识创造、知识获取与知识整合,进而影响区域创新能力的提升。基于中国大陆31个省份的截面数据,以无偿献血率、信任度和社会组织密度指标测量区域社会资本,以知识创造、知识获取、企业创新、创新环境和创新绩效等5个指标衡量区域创新能力,采用相关分析和多元回归模型分析社会资本与区域创新能力之间的关系。结果显示：（1）我国各省区间的社会资本与区域创新能力均存在较大差异,但两者的空间分布状况具有相似性;（2）信任纬度与区域创新能力呈显著正相关关系,而规范纬度和网络纬度与区域创新能力呈负相关关系;（3）人均GDP、R&D人员和研发机构数量与区域创新能力均呈正相关关系。最后,提出了提高社会资本、增强区域创新能力的对策。     

Tackling social exclusion in European neighbourhoods: experiences and lessons from the NEHOM project

Disadvantaged urban neighbourhoods with their complex social, economic and physical situations have increasingly become the focus of governmental policies in the EU. The emphasis has shifted from improving physical qualities to building opportunities for social groups in these areas. While physical upgrade is easier to achieve, at least in the short run, initiatives often fail in outcomes on communities and local participation. This paper aims to improve understanding on how to tackle area-based social exclusion and create socially coherent communities. Building on the results of the NEHOM project, the focus is on examining how various interventions have impacted local communities and their opportunities for better inclusion. A comparison between neighbourhoods shows that mixing social groups to a certain degree is likely to be a necessary step towards opening long-term opportunities for a disadvantaged neighbourhood. The planned initiatives should at the same time directly benefit local communities, and the involvement of local groups in the planning and implementation process helps to guarantee that the overall changes are accepted by the local community. However, the proposed guidelines do not provide a universal recipe for a successful renewal suiting each neighbourhood—the contextual matters should always be a starting point when planning an initiative.     

Elements of viral cartography

ABSTRACT

Making and sharing maps is easier than ever, and social media platforms make it possible for maps to rapidly attain widespread visibility and engagement. Such maps can be considered examples of viral cartography – maps that reach rapid popularity via social media dissemination. In this research we propose a framework for evaluating the design and social dissemination characteristics of viral maps. We apply this framework in two case studies using maps that reached wide audiences on Twitter. We then analyze collections of maps derived from and inspired by viral maps using image analysis and machine learning to characterize their design elements. Based on our initial work to conceptualize and analyze virality in cartography, we propose a set of new research challenges to better understand viral mapmaking and leverage its social affordances.     

The role of social norms in climate adaptation: Mediating risk perception and flood insurance purchase

Flood insurance plays an important role in climate adaptation by recovering insured losses in the event of catastrophic flooding. Voluntary adoption of flood insurance has been seen as a function of risk perception that is shaped by social norms. This paper attempts to clarify the relationship between these factors. It is based on a household survey conducted in the eastern cities of Australia and involving a total of 501 randomly selected residents. Results of a path analysis show that the likelihood of having flood insurance cover was associated with perceived social norms, but not perceived flood risk. In addition, perceived norms and risk were statistically related to each other. It is concluded that social norms played a mediating role between insuring decision and risk perception. Risk perception might influence the insuring decision indirectly through shaping perception of social norms. This implies that adaptive behaviour is not necessarily a function of risk perception, but an outcome of its impacts upon the ways in which the individuals situate themselves in their social circles or the society. There is a feedback process in which individual perceptions of risk manifest as both a cause and effect, shaping and being shaped by the socio-cultural context.     

Responding to change: Using scenarios to understand how socioeconomic factors may influence amplifying or dampening exploitation feedbacks among Tanzanian fishers

Environmental change often requires societies to adapt. In some instances, these adaptations can create feedbacks that amplify the change. Alternatively, other adaptations may dampen the change. We used semi-structured interviews with 240 fishers from nine Tanzanian coastal communities to explore responses to four hypothetical scenarios of increasingly severe declines in their average catch (10%, 20%, 30% and 50%). Overall, a higher proportion of fishers said they would respond to decline using amplifying adaptations (such as fishing harder) than dampening adaptations (such as reducing effort), particularly in the scenarios with lower levels of decline. We used a redundancy analysis to explore whether certain types of responses were related to the fishers’ socioeconomic characteristics. Fishers that would employ amplifying responses had greater economic wealth but lacked options. Fishers who would adopt dampening responses possessed characteristics associated with having livelihood options. Fishers who would adopt neither amplifying nor dampening responses were less likely to belong to community groups and sold the largest proportion of their catch. This study provides novel contributions by differentiating aspects of adaptive capacity that will amplify versus dampen environmental change and by highlighting what the resource users’ themselves say regarding responding to environmental change. Although direct policy application is limited by the study's hypothetical scenario nature, it provides a good beginning to incorporating resource users’ voices into such policy discussions.     

生态补偿对贫困农户影响的研究思路——以甘肃省陇南市退耕还林项目为例

随着生态环境问题的日益突出,生态补偿现已成为解决此问题的有效手段之一。基于生态补偿项目社会公平性考虑和项目实施的客观扶贫效果,有关贫困农户的研究成为近年来国外生态补偿研究中普遍关注的议题。在分析生态补偿原理的基础上,以甘肃省陇南市为例,提出研究生态补偿对贫困农户影响的框架及其具体的测度方法,并总结了该类区域生态补偿的设计中亟需改善的问题。     

城镇增长下的收缩：以武汉为例

首先从人口、经济、用地3个维度综合考察武汉市增长与收缩的全貌,并采用县区及街道2个尺度的数据定量描述了武汉市增长与收缩的特征与空间格局,发现武汉市下辖青山区、硚口区、汉阳区和蔡甸区存在局部较严重的收缩现象,空间上形成集聚,形态上呈“穿孔式”。进一步以青山区为案例,着重从资本视角探讨发生局部收缩的内在机制,发现其存在老龄化、少子化趋势,但局部收缩的主因是资本从产业部门的“逃逸”。     

广州市跨国制造企业研发模式演变

跨国资本对发展中地区创新过程的影响已获得学术界高度关注,但对跨国资本在发展中地区研发模式的演变及其影响因素的研究仍然有限。通过半结构式问卷调研与深入访谈,对广州市跨国制造企业研发模式演变及引致其模式变迁的本土因素进行研究。结果表明：跨国制造企业研发模式的演变主要表现为本地研发人员比例逐步提高,开始构建包含本地创新主体在内的多渠道技术获取网络;调整新产品发布策略,加大对核心技术的保护;增加对研发资源的投入,“独立”和“辅助”母公司技术研发的职能显化,开始将本土企业纳入创新链条等。市场规模扩张、本土企业技术能力增加导致的市场推力和珠三角日益强化的资源、环境规制是引发跨国资本研发模式演变的主体因素。     

近30年来深圳河网变化及其生态效应分析

在地形图、河道普查数据、遥感影像等多源数据支持下, 分析了深圳近30 年河网的时空变化规律及其与城市化水平的关系, 在此基础上通过分析植被盖度、生产有机物质的价值、生态系统服务价值、生态资产等指标的变化规律探讨了深圳观澜河流域河网变化的生态效应。 结果表明: (1) 近30 年深圳市河网结构趋于简单化、主干化, 河流支流发展受到较大限制; 河网总长度减少355.4 km, 总条数减少378 条, 河网密度从0.84 km/km² 降低到0.65 km/km²; 以区/ 街道办驻地为圆心, 半径为1-2 km 的圆环区成为河网萎缩、河网消失的主要 区域; 依据流域城市化水平和河流主干是否直接入海等2 个指标可将深圳市9 大流域/ 水系 分为4 种不同的河网变化类型; (2) 当城市化水平低于30%时, 城镇用地扩展与河网萎缩, 尤其是河网支流的萎缩存在显著相关; 当城市化水平大于30%时, 城镇用地扩展对河网的影响较小; (3) 2000-2005 年观澜河流域生态系统功能显著降低, 以生产有机物质价值降低幅度最 大(41%), 植被盖度次之(24%), 单位面积生态资产从2.79 元/m² 降低到2.34 元/m², 总生态 资产减少3136 万元; (4) 河网变化和城市化成为影响生态系统功能的主要因素, 其中河网变化因素和城市化因素对植被盖度降低的贡献率分别为23.1%和35.8%, 对生产有机物质价值减少的贡献率分别为25.1%和32.7%, 对生态系统服务价值减少的贡献率分别为7.7%和 56.2%, 对生态资产减少的贡献率分别为10.6%和52.2%。     

外资：发展中国家城市化的新动力：珠江三角洲个案研究

城市化的研究历来都偏重于内力的营造，例如区域经济的不同发展步伐，乡村－市的人口流动，政府的地区性经济政策以及新城市的建设等。在资本、人力、技术和市场走向“全球化”的情况下，新的国际分工自１９８０年以来已成为一些发展中国家和地区的人口及经济活动急剧增长与集中的主要动力。本文对这一类型城市化的特点和空间形态作出了概括性的描述。