青藏高原雪盖与东亚季风异常对华南前汛期降水的影响

应用华南25个站1954~1998年4~6月降水量资料以及有关青藏高原雪盖异常年份资料和东亚季风强度指数, 通过典型旱涝年前期对比诊断与相关分析, 指出青藏高原雪盖对华南前汛期降水的影响相当显著, 前冬春多 (少) 雪年有利于前汛期雨涝 (干旱); 典型旱、涝年前冬500 hPa中高纬环流特征显然不同, 主要表现在典型旱 (涝) 年北半球极涡强度显著偏弱 (强)、东亚大槽强度偏强 (弱); 东亚季风, 特别是冬季风的强弱变化, 对前汛期降水具有较强的指示意义。同时还发现, 在青藏高原西侧的伊朗高原及邻近地区冬季500 hPa高度升降变化, 可作为华南前汛期降水一个强的前期征兆信号。     

张家口地区一次长时间降雪过程的滴谱特征分析

利用OTT Parsivel激光雨滴谱仪和站点加密观测资料,分析2019年11月29日张家口地区一次长时间降雪天气过程开始、雪花、稳定强降雪、结束4个阶段的滴谱演变特征,结果表明：(1)降雪天气过程中微物理参量(降水强度R、数浓度Nt、雨水含量W、雷达反射率因子Z、质量加权平均直径D_m)演变趋势基本相同,其中开始阶段、稳定强降雪阶段、结束阶段的降水强度、雨水含量、雷达反射率因子受粒子数浓度影响较大,而雪花阶段降水强度、雨水含量、雷达反射率因子受粒子直径影响较大。(2)稳定强降雪阶段,粒子数浓度Nt量级为10³～10⁴个/m³,而D_m<1 mm,这是由于大雪片在温度较低的情况下,下落过程中破碎形成大量小雪片。降雪过程中,雪滴下落速度<2 m/s的粒子数占总粒子数的90%,强降雪阶段的雪滴下落速度集中于1～1.5 m/s。(3)在降雪过程中,最小二乘法拟合效果优于二、三、四阶矩方法。     

青藏高原异常雪盖和ENSO的多尺度变化及其与中国夏季降水的关系

对青藏高原积雪和热带东太平洋Nin03区海温进行小波分析,讨论它们的年际和年代际变化。在年际变化中,积雪的主要周期是准两年振荡和准6～7年振荡,海温的主要周期是ENSO振荡和准两年振荡。积雪的年代际变化存在准10～12年和准22～24年振荡,海温存在准14～16年和准34～35年振荡。此外积雪和海温均在20世纪70年代后期发生了一次年代际气候跃变现象。积雪由少雪期向多雪期转化,海温从冷水期演变成暖水期。本文还建立了青藏高原积雪和Nifi03区海温与中国夏季降水各时间尺度的相关模型。不同时间尺度的积雪、海温和降水的相关场具有不同的地域特征。它们在有的地区相互加强,有的地区相互减弱。积雪和海温的年代际气候跃变与中国夏季降水的相关程度在某些地区高于年际变化。个例分析表明,利用青藏高原积雪和Nin03区海温多时间尺度变化可以较好地拟合出中国夏季降水的年际和年代际变化。所以在做中国夏季降水预报时,不同因子、不同尺度的作用府当分开考虑。     

中国地区冬季积雪遥感监测方法改进

该文概述了卫星遥感积雪监测原理,介绍了积雪判识方法,对国家卫星气象中心已有的业务化极轨气象卫星冬季旬积雪监测算法和流程进行了改进.经过比对,设计了新的可见光太阳天顶角订正模式,针对NOAA-16/AVHRR3和FY-1D/MVISR重新确定了积雪判识变量及相应的动态积雪检测阈值,提出了概率积雪判识方法,结合多光谱阈值法建立了概率结合阈值(Probability Combined with Threshold,PCT)的积雪判识方法,并以该算法为基础建立了新的业务化积雪动态遥感监测系统.同时,用新算法对部分历史产品重新做了处理,并简要分析了1996至2003年中国地区冬季积雪分布特征.     

Effects of spring Arctic sea ice on summer drought in the middle and high latitudes of Asia

Based on data observed from 1979 to 2017, the influence of Arctic sea ice in the previous spring on the first mode of interannual variation in summer drought in the middle and high latitudes of Asia (MHA) is analyzed in this paper, and the possible associated physical mechanism is discussed. The results show that when there is more sea ice near the Svalbard Islands in spring while the sea ice in the Barents–Kara Sea decreases, the drought distribution in the MHA shows a north–south dipole pattern in late summer, and drought weakens in the northern MHA region and strengthens in the southern MHA region. By analyzing the main physical process affecting these changes, the change in sea ice in spring is found to lead to the Polar–Eurasian teleconnection pattern, resulting in more precipitation, thicker snow depths, higher temperatures, and higher soil moisture in the northern MHA region in spring and less precipitation, smaller snow depths, and lower soil moisture in the southern MHA region. Such soil conditions last until summer, affect summer precipitation and temperature conditions through soil moisture–atmosphere feedbacks, and ultimately modulate changes in summer drought in the MHA.摘要本文分析了亚洲中高纬度地区 (MHA) 年际尺度夏季干旱的主模态时空变化特征, 以及影响第一模态的主要影响因子和可能的物理过程. 结果显示该区域夏季干旱第一模态主要呈现一个南北偶极性的分布. 而影响MHA夏季干旱的主要影响因子为前春北极海冰. 当春季斯瓦尔巴群岛附近海冰偏多, 而巴伦支海-喀拉海海冰减少时, 通过冰-气相互作用, 使得MHA北部春季降水增加, 雪深加厚, 土壤湿度偏高, 而南部则相反. 然后这样的土壤湿度条件从春季持续到夏季, 通过土壤湿度-大气反馈影响夏季MHA降水和温度变化, 最终对夏季干旱主模态产生影响.     

天山东部冰川雪坑离子浓度特征的对比研究

对2004年获取的天山奎屯河哈希勒根51号冰川1个雪坑和哈密庙尔沟平顶冰川4个雪坑的离子浓度特征进行了研究,结果表明：Ca²⁺、NO^-3和SO₄^2-是哈密庙尔沟平顶冰川雪坑雪层和积累区雪坑底部冰中的主要离子（尤其是Ca²⁺ ）,其雪层中的主要阳离子关系可在底部冰中得以较好的反映,但雪层中各离子浓度与海拔的相关性不明显,可能与海拔的跨度较小和挖取的雪坑较疏有关;雪坑底部冰中的离子浓度与海拔间明显的相关性说明淋融作用随着海拔升高、气温降低而逐渐减弱。SO₄^2-和Ca²⁺是奎屯河哈希勒根51号冰川雪坑中的主要离子（尤其是SO₄^2-）,其雪坑离子化学特征与哈密庙尔沟平顶冰川差别较大,可能与哈密庙尔沟平顶冰川处于塔克拉玛干沙漠、古尔班通古特沙漠和鄯善沙漠的下风向相关,还可能与雪层内淋融作用的强弱和沉积通量的高程效应有关。哈密庙尔沟平顶冰川积累区雪坑中NH₄⁺、NO₃^-和K⁺的Cs/Ci较Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺和Na⁺要大,奎屯河哈希勒根51号冰川Na⁺和NH4⁺的“雪冰比”较Cl-、SO₄^2-、Mg²⁺和Ca²⁺要大,说明这两条冰川雪坑中的Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺信号较其它离子可能更易于在冰芯记录中保存下来,为冰芯研究和古气候记录的恢复提供了保障。     

A laboratory study of covers made of low-sulphide tailings to prevent acid mine drainage

Covers with capillary barrier effects (CCBE) are considered to be one of the most effective ways to control acid mine drainage (AMD) production from mine wastes. The use of low-sulphide tailings in CCBE has been proposed recently for cases where other types of material may be unavailable near the mining site. This paper presents leaching column test results showing that CCBEs with a moisture-retaining layer made of slightly reactive tailings, with three different sulphide contents, can effectively limit the production of AMD from the acid-generating tailings placed underneath. With these layered covers, the leachate pH was maintained near neutrality throughout the testing period. When compared to uncovered tailings, the efficiency of the cover systems for reducing the amount of contaminants in the percolated water was determined to be greater than 99% for zinc, copper and iron. This study shows that the use of low-sulphide tailings can improve the ability of a CCBE to limit gas diffusion by consuming a fraction of the migrating oxygen.     

青藏高原大气热源和冬春积雪与中国东部降水的年代际变化关系

利用NCEP 1950—2004年逐日再分析资料,采用倒算法,对青藏高原大气热源的长期变化进行了计算,结果发现,青藏高原及附近地区上空大气春夏季热源在过去50年里,尤其是最近20年,表现为持续减弱的趋势。而1960—2004年青藏高原50站的冬春雪深却出现了增加,尤其是春季雪深在1977年出现了由少到多的突变。用SVD方法对高原积雪和高原大气热源关系的分析表明,二者存在非常显著的反相关关系,即高原冬春积雪偏多,高原大气春夏季热源偏弱。高原大气春夏季热源和中国160站降水的SVD分析表明,高原大气春夏季热源和夏季长江中下游降水呈反相关,与华南和华北降水呈正相关;而高原冬春积雪和中国160站降水的SVD分析显示,高原冬春积雪和夏季长江流域降水呈显著正相关,与华南和华北降水呈反相关。在年代际尺度上,青藏高原大气热源和冬春积雪与中国东部降水型的年代际变化(南涝北旱)有很好的相关。最后讨论了青藏高原大气热源影响中国东部降水的机制。青藏高原春夏季热源减弱,使得海陆热力差异减小,致使东亚夏季风强度减弱,输送到华北的水汽减少,而到达长江流域的水汽却增加;同时,高原热源减弱,使得副热带高压偏西,夏季雨带在长江流域维持更长时间。导致近20年来长江流域降水偏多,华北偏少,形成"南涝北旱"雨型。高原冬春积雪的增加,降低了地表温度,减弱了地面热源,并进而使得青藏高原及附近地区大气热源减弱。     

Analysis of flow behavior in a landfill with cover soil of low hydraulic conductivity

 This paper presents the results of field tests of hydrologic parameters in a landfill and the results of numerical simulation to find the efficiency of the pumping method to reduce leachate levels in the landfill. The field hydraulic conductivity and storativity of waste and buried cover soils in the landfill are measured by pumping and slug tests. The hydrologic condition inside the landfill is first calibrated using the drawdown-time curve obtained from the pumping test, and the flow behavior of leachate during pumping in the landfill, when various layers of waste and buried cover soil exist, is analyzed through three-dimensional numerical simulation of flow. The results of the field investigation show that the buried cover soil of low hydraulic conductivity forms an impermeable layer preventing the downward flow of leachate and upward flow of landfill gas. The hydraulic conductivities of the pumping test and slug tests were quite close on the same order of magnitude. It was also possible to match the drawdown-time data of the field tests with those of the model using input data close to the hydrologic property obtained from the field tests. The numerical flow analysis showed that pumping was possible up to 120 tons/day for a single well without a drain, while the pumping rate could be increased to 300 tons/day for the same well with the drain. From the vertical section of the flow vector with a horizontal drain, the barrier role of buried cover soil is identified, which was proposed by examining the water contents of the disposed cover soil and waste in the field. Received: 15 May 1998 · Accepted: 4 January 1999