Effect of relative humidity on the angular distribution of scattered light intensity for rural and urban aerosols

The change in atmospheric relative humidity affects the physical and optical properties of aerosol particles. It would be interesting to study the effect of an increase in relative humidity on the angular scattering of light by aerosols (by incorporating the changes due to it as the complex refractive index and the parameters of the size distribution function). In the present paper we have computed the angular scattering function for rural and urban aerosols, for light of wavelength 0.55 μn. The results obtained for these two models, representative of different environments, are interesting and show some discriminating features.     

Structures caused by repeated freezing and thawing in various loamy sediments: A comparison of active,fossil and experimental data

In this paper, the authors present the results of both macroscopic and microscopic investigations on structure development created by repeated ice lensing in various loamy experiments. Experimental data are compared with observations performed on active forms in High Arctic and Alpine Mountain environments. Those observations are also compared with phenomena observed in fossil periglacial formations of Western Europe. Platy and short prismatic structure formation is bonded to the hydraulic and thermal conditions during ice segregation. When a long series of alternating freezing and thawing affects platy structures, the fabric evolves, also being influenced by slope and drainage conditions: cryoturbations, frostcreep, and gelifluction can appear. They are characterized by specific microfabrics which are better developed with an increasing number of cycles: this is clear in experiments where hydraulic and thermal parameters are better controlled. Vesicles are also a prominent characteristic of the surface horizon in experiments and arctic soils. The genesis of vesicles is discussed on the basis of new observations and is related to the mechanical collapse of frost-created aggregates under the mechanical work of soil air escape during soil saturation by water at thaw.     

滇西实验场两次中强地震前后尾波衰减的区域特征分析

本文在地方震尾波散理论模式的基础上，研究了１９９２年１２月发生在滇西地震预报实验场永胜期纳地区的两次Ｍｓ５．４，５．１地震前后的序列地震尾波振幅衰减率β和尾波Ｑ＾－１值随时间和空间变化的衰减特征。结果表明，尾波衰减率在空间分布上表现出明显的小区域范围的非均匀性，在主震震中附近的近场区内，主震期间的β值是０．００７６ｓ＾－１，相应的Ｑｃ＾－１值是０．００５６；余震期间的β值是０．０２０９ｓ＾－１，相     

兴1井水位的映震特征

兴1井是辽宁省内最早建成的静水位观测井，已有近20年的观测历史。系统分析预测以来的资料，发现该井水位有很强的映震能力并有一定的映震规律，可进行单井水位异常预报地震震级与发震时间的科学试验。     

地震波场反演的BG－逆散射方法

本文讨论利用三维反射地震数据进行波场反演的一种方法，旨在取得高分辨率的地球模型．这种方法用Ｂａｃｋｕｓ－Ｇｉｌｂｅｒｔ的理论构造波动方程非线性反问题的逐次线性化迭代格式，用逆散射原理导出泛函的Ｆｒｅｃｈｅｔ导数，并用最佳折衷准则求解线性化后的方程组．根据迭代过程中不断提高分辨率的思想和减少计算成本的原则，设计了可供实用的反演算法流程．     

Coda waves: A review

The analysis and interpretation of coda waves have received increasing attention since the early seventies. In the past few years interest in this subject has spread worldwide, and the study of high-frequency seismic coda waves has become a very important seismological topic. As a conclusion of the studies accomplished in this time, coda waves are considered the result of scattering processes caused by heterogeneities acting on seismic waves.P andS waves play a particularly important role in this interaction. The process introduces an attenuation which, added to the intrinsic absorption, gives the observed apparent attenuation. Therefore, coda waves constitute a thumbprint left by the heterogeneities on the seismograms. Coda waves offer decisive information about the mechanism of how scattering and attenuation take place. This review describes coda waves in detail, and summarizes the work done in this subject to 1986. The relation between coda waves and attenuation in the context of research on seismic scattering problems is stressed. Particular attention has been given to the application of coda waves to estimate source and medium parameters. The state-of-the-art of the temporal variations of coda wave shape, and the possible use of these variations as an earthquake precursor also are presented. Care has been taken to introduce the statistical models used to deal with the heterogeneities responsible for scattering.     

Three-dimensional elastic wave scattering and diffraction due to a rigid cylinder embedded in an elastic medium by a point source

The formal solutions of displacement field to the problem of elastic wave scattering and diffraction due to an infinitely long rigid cylinder embedded in an infinite elastic medium by an impulsive point source have been obtained in the integral form. The integrals for the reflected and the diffracted waves both in the shadow zone and in the illuminated zone are evaluated asymptotically for the early time motion by the Reisdue-Cagniard method and the Saddle-point-Cagniard method.Numerical results of the diffractedP, S andPS waves at a fixed circum-distance from the surface of the rigid cylinder show noticeably that (1) the energy partition for the diffractedS wave is small in comparison with that for the diffractedP wave, (2) the wave form of the diffractedS wave is broader and more diffused than that of the diffractedP wave, (3) the direction of the radial motions of the diffractedP andS waves varies as a function of the observational point, and (4) the energy partition for the diffractedP wave is much smaller than that for the direct or the reflectedP waves.This paper has been presented at the 46th Annual International Meeting of Society of Exploration Geophysicists in Houston, Texas, Oct. 28, 1976.     

Solar almucantar radiance and aerosol scattering: Comparative data from one tropical station and one mid-latitude station

Solar, sky, and aureole radiance data from Kensington, Australia, and Lagos, Nigeria, are analysed. The values of the aerosol optical thickness at Lagos are comparable to measured values elsewhere in the subregion (Abidjan) under light haze. The values at Kensington are close to those of the “background aerosol.” Identical and anomalous values of aerosol optical thickness occurred at 1.67 μm at both stations as less than 15% of the values can be accounted for by aerosols. The high optical depths are therefore explained in terms of absorption, possibly mainly by CO₂ (59–65%) and, to a lesser extent, by H₂O (20–26%). Following correction for molecular multiple scattering, the aerosol scattering phase function increases substantially at 0.5 μm in Kensington and decreases considerably at 0.76 μm in Lagos when compared to the uncorrected function, confirming the relative fineness of the Kensington aerosol. The Lagos aerosol size distribution for moderately dusty air is reasonably bimodally log-normal with modal radiusr _m=0.49 μm (1.36 μm) for the moder≤1 μm (r>1 μm). The Kensington aerosol resembles one withr _m=0.05 μm forr<1 μm. There the Born approximation appears appropriate, and the weighted mean square radiusp ²=0.13 μm². In the near forward direction the aerosol scattering phase funciton for Lagos resembles Deirmendjian’s simulations for a silicate-L haze and, for Kensington, a silicate-H haze.     

瞬态瑞雷面波法在公路工程地质勘察中的应用

结合安徽省高速公路建设工程实例,介绍瞬态瑞雷面波勘探技术在公路工程地质勘察中的应用,解决沿线高边坡、深路堑、桥梁、隧道进出口的岩土分层,给出基岩风化分带等工程地质问题,省时、省力,取得了良好的经济效益和环境效益.