Recent Progress and Future Prospects in Solar Physics, and Their Relevance for Planet Earth

Understanding our star, the Sun, is of fundamental interest for life on Earth. In this paper, the status of knowledge in solar physics of roughly two decades ago is summarised, and the most recent developments in this very active field are shown, many of them achieved by means of space based missions. The Sun–Earth connection is described and, finally, an outlook on future solar research is given.     

Ground deformation of Nisyros Volcano (Greece) for the period 1995–2002: Results from DInSAR and DGPS observations

Differential GPS (DGPS) and Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (DInSAR) analyses were applied to the Kos-Yali-Nisyros Volcanic Field (SE Hellenic Volcanic Arc) to quantify the ground deformation of Nisyros Volcano. After intense seismic activity in 1996, a GPS network was installed in June 1997 and re-occupied annually up to 2002. A general uplift ranging from 14 to 140 mm was determined at all stations of the network. The corresponding horizontal displacements ranged from 13 to 53 mm. The displacement vectors indicate that the island is undergoing extension towards the East, West and South. A two-source “Mogi” model combined with assumed motion along the Mandraki Fault was constructed to fit the observed deformation. The best-fit model assumes sources at a depth of 5500 m NW of the centre of the island and at 6500 m offshore ESE of Yali Island. DInSAR analysis using four pairs of images taken between May 1995 and September 2000 suggests that deformation was occurring during 1995 before the start of the seismic crisis. An amplitude of at least 56 mm along the slant range appeared for the period 1996 through 1999. This deformation is consistent with the two-source model invoked in DGPS modelling. Surface evidence of ground deformation is expressed in the contemporaneous reactivation of the Mandraki Fault. In addition, a 600 m long N-S trending irregular rupture in the caldera floor was formed between 2001 and 2002. This rupture is interpreted as the release of surface stress in the consolidated epiclastic and hydrothermal sediments of the caldera floor.     

岩石侵蚀速率测算方法研究综述及展望

讨论了目前应用比较广泛的几种测算岩石侵蚀速率的方法,将目前岩石侵蚀速率测算方法分为2类:一类为质量测算法,包括公式计算法、流域水化学监测法、样品称重法;另一类为几何测算法,包括微侵蚀测量仪法、对比计算法和宇宙成因核素法.探讨了各方法的测算原理、优缺点及其适用领域,质量测算法中的公式计算法和流域水化学监测法比较适用于大面积的国土监测工作;样品称重法和3类几何测算法适用于尺度较小的地学研究和文物保护、工程技术等应用领域.最后,总结了岩石侵蚀速率研究者和案例地的地理分布规律,并对岩石侵蚀速率测算研究进行了展望.     

A New Tethered Balloon-Borne Payload for Fine-Scale Observations in the Cloudy Boundary Layer

A new scientific payload is introduced for fine-scale measurements of meteorological (wind vector, static air temperature, humidity, and air pressure) and microphysical (aerosol particles and cloud droplets) properties, suspended below a tethered balloon. The high resolution sensors and the tethered balloon are described. Measurements in a lifted fog layer from a first field campaign are presented.The detailed investigation of the fog/haze and the temperature inversion layer demonstrates the damping influence of the fog on temperature fluctuations, while thewind fluctuations are significantly decreased by theevolving temperature inversion, whichwas about 30 m above the fog layer.From spectral analysis the noise floors of the high-resolution sensors are determined to10^-6 kg m^-3 for the LWC (liquid water content) and 4 mK for the fast temperature sensor (UFT-B). The correlation betweentemperature and LWC structures in shallow haze layers is investigated. The release of latent heat and the corresponding warming in the haze of about 0.1 K could be quantified.     

High‐resolution seismic monitoring of instrumented buildings using a model‐based state observer

This paper proposes a model‐based state observer to perform high‐definition response estimation in partially instrumented building structures. The proposed estimator is verified in a simulated five‐story shear‐building structure and validated using measurements from a seven‐story reinforced concrete building slice tested at the NEES‐University of California at San Diego shake table. In both cases the proposed estimator yielded satisfactory results by estimating the time history of shear forces, bending moments, displacements, and strains at various points/sections of interest. The proposed algorithm can be used in instrumented buildings for various practical applications such as post‐earthquake damage assessment, structural control, and building code calibration. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

长白山天池火山西南麓水压致裂法地应力测量及其实测数据在断裂稳定性分析中的应用

长白山天池火山是一座新生代多成因复合火山, 其活动性一直受到地学界的高度重视.而地应力测量数据对于了解火山的活动情况等具有重要意义, 但目前长白山天池火山地区实测地应力资料较少.为了更准确地了解长白山天池火山地区现今地应力状态及断裂稳定性, 在长白山天池火山西南麓MJZ测点0~300 m孔深开展了水压致裂法地应力测量.利用此次实测地应力数据, 本文首先分析了该地区地壳浅表层应力状态, 结果表明: ①测区以水平构造应力为主导, 应力值与其他地区相比, 相对较低; ②S_H(最大水平主应力)、S_h(最小水平主应力)和S_v(垂向主应力)均随深度增加而基本呈线性增大趋势; 在60~180 m深度, 三者展现为逆断层应力状态, 即S_H＞S_h＞S_v; 在180~300 m, 则表现为S_H＞S_v＞S_h, 该应力关系有利于走滑断层活动; ③钻孔上部S_H方向为N38°E, 与东北地区构造应力场方向基本一致.钻孔下部由于受区内NW向断裂和其他因素影响, 存在与区域主应力方向有偏差的局部应力场.其次, 基于实测应力数据, 应用库仑摩擦滑动准则, 并取摩擦系数为0.6和1.0, 初步评价了区域断裂的稳定性.结果显示, 研究区现今应力状态尚未达到断裂失稳滑动水平, 推测测区断裂目前相对稳定.结合其较低的应力积累水平, 一定程度上反映出长白山天池火山区目前没有明显活动, 地壳总体是稳定的.本文的研究结果可为长白山天池火山的活动性、地震地质等研究提供地应力方面的基础数据, 同时也为测区地质环境安全评价提供参考依据.

     

临震前地壳变形不动点现象与机制研究

在综合分析国内外地形变前兆研究现状的基础上,结合汶川8.0级地震前GPS、应变、重力等研究结果,提出临震前震源区域可能出现变形不动点现象。地壳变形过程中的不动点现象是临震前区域应力场进入临界状态的重要标志,是地震潜在危险区域划定的重要依据。借助不动点理论,给出汶川地震前变形不动点集合的演化,结合大区域地震活动空区与远场显著形变异常分布,探讨变形不动点现象发生的动力学背景,验证了汶川地震前地壳变形的不动点现象是大区域应力场有序运动的结果。     

某双向混凝土立交桥顶推法施工控制测量

文中所选立交桥为双向三车道桥梁,单幅为3跨105 m的箱型连续梁,重量3 400 t,横跨铁路线。对于跨铁路的桥梁建设,顶推法施工可最大限度地减少对交通的影响。桥梁重量大,所须牵引力约280 t,施工过程中对桥墩及其他建筑物产生的变形较大,施工前模拟施工状态,设计控制测量监控的基本方案,利用控制测量方法,对施工状态实时监测,预测变形及偏位、纠偏,使施工状态最大限度地接近理想状态。顶推到位后,轴向偏位满足1 cm的限差,桥墩变形基本满足施工规范的要求,最终顺利完成顶推过程。     

适应气候变化的国际行动和农业措施研究进展

针对气候变暖采取稳健的适应措施已成为国际社会共识。该文综合了当前适应气候变化的国际谈判进展及已有的农业适应气候变化措施,指出适应资金严重不足,技术研发、应用与转让难以实施,以及适应气候变化行动实施能力的不足严重制约着适应气候变化行动的有效实施;关于农业适应气候变化的技术措施仍缺乏系统的理论研究与应用示范。在此基础上,提出了未来中国农业适应气候变化需要重点开展的研究任务,即农业气象灾变过程的新特点及其风险管理, 农业适应气候变化的大数据决策管理系统研发及适应气候变化的农业气候区划与减灾保产技术研究,以切实推进农业适应气候变化,为确保国家粮食安全与农业可持续发展提供支撑。