一次强降水超级单体风暴多普勒天气雷达特征

利用盐城多普勒天气雷达和地面自动站等资料,对2006年8月6日下午发生在江苏盐城中北部地区的一次由强降水（high precipitation,HP）超级单体产生的大暴雨和龙卷过程进行详细分析。风暴回波演变的形态可分为＂条状—肾形—弓状＂3个阶段：在条状回波阶段,产生龙卷伴随强降水,中气旋在变粗的中段前侧生成,其内有一个垂直涡度约为8×10^-2s^-1的龙卷式涡旋特征（tor-nadic vortex signature,TVS）,高层悬挂回波下有低小的有界弱回波区（bounded weak echo region,BWER）,位于BWER之上高层17 km风暴顶为强烈辐散,辐散值约为1.2×10^-2s^-1;在肾状回波阶段,产生短时大暴雨,低层前侧有包含一个中气旋V字型入流缺口,其后是粗胖的高反射率因子钩状回波区,速度图上中气旋位于中尺度辐合线之中;在弓状回波阶段,产生短时暴雨,风暴减弱后与另外回波合并前侧又有中气旋生成,其后低层右后侧为较大的高反射率因子回波区。在上述3个阶段,该风暴具有HP超级单体风暴共同特征：中气旋、阵风锋位于前侧,强降水包裹着中气旋,沿着预先存在的东南风速辐合线移动。HP超级单体产生的主要天气背景是副热带高压边缘形势,一个东移的高空槽、强烈的热力不稳定和较大的垂直风切变。盐城中北部地区午后地面风场上形成的,与东南海风有关的一条南北向湿热边界层辐合线,对HP超级单体沿着此辐合线发展并维持长生命史有重要作用。     

Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of Tornado Path Direction*

Common perception is that tornadoes travel in paths from the southwest quadrant of directions toward the northeast. This study examines path directions for 6,194 tornadoes that occurred in the eastern two‐thirds of the United States during the twenty‐three‐year period 1980–2002. At the national scale, nearly 70 percent of tornadoes included in the study propagated from the west, west‐southwest, and southwest, with west‐southwest being the highest frequency origin direction. Nevertheless, distinct seasonal and regional variations were found. In central and northern areas of the country, a more westerly or northwesterly path origin prevails during late spring and summer. The midtropospheric flow, convective typology, and synoptic patterns of tornado outbreaks are thought to contribute to the distributions observed in the climatology.     

Structures of Mesocirculations Producing Tornadoes Associated with Tropical Cyclone Frances (1998)

Radar structures of one mesocyclone and one mesocirculation (the term mesocirculation refers to a class of rotating updrafts, which may or may not be as spatially and temporally large as a typical mesocyclone) that developed a total of four tornadoes in association with Tropical Cyclone (TC) Frances 1998 are presented. One tornado developed within an inner rainband near the time of landfall while three of the other tornadoes developed within an outer rainband nearly 24 hours after the landfall. Radar reflectivities of the tornadic circulations averaged upwards of 40 dBZ while Doppler radar wind components directed toward the radar averaged 11 m s−1. It is realized that although TC Frances was a minimal hurricane it spawned several tornadoes (four of which were studied) causing damage exceeding $2 million. These tornadoes were not all located close to the TC center, serving as a caution to forecasters and emergency personnel that the immediate landfalling area is not the only place to watch.While it is difficult to accurately predict the TC tornado location and time of occurrence, the degree of low-level baroclinicity seems to play an important role in tornadogenesis. Another significant finding is that the tornadoes were produced on the inward side of an inner rainband, as well as the inward side of an outer rainband. Consistent with climatology, the forward right quadrant of the TC developed the four tornadoes studied here.The lead author, Professor G. V. Rao died 31 July 2004 at the age of 70. He fell victime to the waves while swimming in Mazatlan, Mexico. This is the last paper he publilshed as lead author.     

Sequence of instability processes triggered by heavy rainfall in the northern Italy

Northern Italy is a geomorphologically heterogeneous region: high mountains, wide valleys, gentle hills and a large plain form a very varied landscape and influence the temperate climate of the area. The Alps region has harsh winters and moderately warm summers with abundant rainfall. The Po Plain has harsh winters with long periods of subfreezing temperatures and warm sultry summers, with rainfall more common in winter.Geomorphic instability processes are very common. Almost every year, landslides, mud flows and debris flows in the Alpine areas and flooding in the Po flood plain cause severe damage to structures and infrastructure and often claim human lives. Analyses of major events that have struck northern Italy over the last 35 years have provided numerous useful data for the recognition of various rainfall-triggering processes and their sequence of development in relation to the intensity and duration of rainfall. Findings acquired during and after these events emphasise that the quantity and typology of instability processes triggered by rainfall are related not only to an area's morphological and geological characteristics but also to intense rainfall distribution during meteorological disturbances. Moreover, critical rainfall thresholds can vary from place to place in relation to the climatic and geomorphological conditions of the area. Once the threshold has been exceeded, which is about 10% of the local mean annual rainfall (MAR), the instability processes on the slopes and along the hydrographic networks follow a sequence that can be reconstructed in three different phases.In the first phase, the initial instability processes that can usually be observed are soil slips on steep slopes, mud–debris flows in small basins of less than 20 km² in area, while discharge increases substantially in larger stream basins of up to 500 km². In continuous precipitation, in the second phase, first mud–debris flows can be triggered also in basins larger than 20 km² in area. Tributaries swell the main stream, which is already in a critical condition. The violent flow causes severe problems mainly along valley bottoms of rivers with basins up to 2000 km² in area. First bedrock landslides can occur, reaching a considerable area density, with volumes from a few hundred up to about one to two million cubic meters. In continuous precipitation, in the third phase, basins of more than 2000 km² in area reach their first critical stage. River-bed morphology is extensively modified, with erosional and depositional processes which can locally undermine the stability of structures and infrastructures. Waters overflow levees, flooding villages and towns to various widths and depths and sometimes claiming casualties. Some days after an intense rainfall period, large landslides involving the bedrock can still take place. These processes usually cause the movement of very large rock masses. The total duration of rainfall usually has a greater effect on these landslides than does the number of short periods of very intensive precipitation. This sequence cannot be divided into separate phases when the events occur simultaneously because of the presence of intense rainfall pulses and the generation of very diffuse surface runoff. Such situations usually happen during short-lasting heavy summer rainstorms or in late spring, when snow melt combines with intense rainfall. The three-phase sequence has been identified in three severe events that are analysed in this paper: Valtellina (Lombardy) in 1987, Tanaro Valley (Piedmont) in 1994 and Aosta Valley in 2000; but this sequence has also been observed during other events that occurred in northern Italy: in Piedmont in 1968, 1977, 1978, 1993 and 2000; in Lombardy in 1983 and 1992; in the Aosta Valley in 1993.     

甘肃一次强对流天气的数值模拟和分析

分析了2005年5月28日甘肃中部强对流天气过程的环流形势,同时利用中尺度数值模式MM5对该强对流天气进行了数值模拟及成因分析。结果表明:这是一次较典型的蒙古低涡型强对流风暴;28日上午在甘肃中南部有不稳定能量区,午后由于局地热对流、地形等抬升作用,不稳定能量发展旺盛,地面冷锋经过甘肃中部时,由于其强烈的抬升作用,低层流场急剧辐合并有强烈的旋转上升运动,触发了不稳定能量的释放,为暴雨、冰雹等强对流天气提供了动力条件。风暴相对螺旋度和能量螺旋度指数高值区对暴雨、冰雹等强对流天气有很好的指示预警作用,强对流天气往往出现在风暴相对螺旋度极大值中心的右侧,出现时间较能量螺旋度最大值出现时间滞后1~2 h。     

A climatic study of severe storms over Bulgaria produced by Mediterranean cyclones in 1990−2001 period

Over south-eastern Europe, severe weather events are often associated with Mediterranean cyclones. This paper presents a climatic study of severe storms over Bulgaria produced by synoptic-scale Mediterranean cyclones, which are the main high-impact weather systems for the region during the winter season. The study is based on a synoptically oriented data set that contains systematic information about the pronounced Mediterranean cyclones including their life and trajectories over the Mediterranean area and the severe storms over Bulgaria produced by them. The definition of a severe storm is a storm in which the wind speed and precipitation exceed thresholds of 15 m/s and 30 mm/24 h, respectively. The observed severe storms were split into two groups by the number of districts where they have caused damages. During the last years a trend of decreasing numbers of initiating synoptic-scale Mediterranean cyclones has been observed. However, the number of those producing a high-impact weather phenomenon over Bulgaria has increased. In these high-impact cases, the observed paths of the cyclones are connected to the specific circulation conditions over the region. In the most severe cases, almost 80% of the cyclones move through the southernmost parts of Balkan Peninsula and for a large portion of them, this motion is associated with a blocking regime in the mid-level mass field.The development of such Mediterranean cyclone cases has been studied and results are presented here. The results illustrate the synoptic-scale mechanisms for intensification of a feeding flow of Mediterranean air towards the area affected by extremely severe weather.     

Numerical simulation and sensitivity study of a severe hailstorm in northeast Spain

During the afternoon of August 16th 2003 a severe hail event occurred in the town of Alcañiz in the Ebro Valley (Spain). This storm brought with it intense rain and hail precipitation that caused severe floods, damaged cars and street furniture. A diagnosis, using data from ECMWF, showed the presence of a mesolow at surface level centered over the Northeast of Spain, carrying winds from the Mediterranean Sea towards the Central Ebro Valley. At medium and high levels, a trough, whose axis extended over the Northwest of the Iberian Peninsula, moved eastwards preceded at 500 hPa by a thermal trough that caused increasing instability before the arrival of the geopotential trough.A numerical study of this event has been carried out using the MM5 model with a double aim. On the one hand, it attempts to check whether or not the simulation reproduces the storm in Alcañiz. On the other hand, it carries out a sensitivity experiment in order to evaluate the contribution of two specific factors: topography and solar radiation. Compared with radar data, the control simulation reproduces the region affected by the storm reasonably well. The suppression of topography and/or solar radiation substantially modifies the surface mesolow and the spatial distribution of the precipitation. Neither of these factors, considered independently, reproduces the precipitation caused by the storm in Alcañiz. However, the results illustrate the importance of the synergic effect of these two factors on the spatial localization of the storm and on the intensity of the precipitation registered.     

台风"碧利斯"影响庐山降水的探测资料分析

通过分析台风“碧利斯“影响江西期间的自动气象站资料和雷达回波特征,探讨了造成庐山过程强降水较周围雨量明显偏多的原因.研究结果发现,“碧利斯“过境时,雷达回波强度在庐山会有加强的现象,径向速度场表现为有风向和风速的切变存在;零等速度线的走向变化和降水的变化有关,且零等速度线的变化往往先于降水的变化,能预示降水的变化趋势.除“碧利斯“本身携带的大量水汽外,庐山迎风坡的地形抬升作用,以及鄱阳湖水域充沛的水汽供应,是造成这种现象的根源;中小尺度辐合在庐山较长时间的维持,是造成庐山降水普遍大于周边地区的根本原因.     

SARS预测的SI模型和分段SI模型

介绍及建立了对SARS(Severe acute respiratory syndrome)临床诊断累计病例预测的非线性增长模型：SI(Susceptible and infective)模型和分段SI模型，并对北京SARS累计病例进行了预测。分段SI模型转变点的95％的置信区间在4月21日、22日和23日内，表明我国政府采取了有力措施后，4月24日以后，SARS病例的增长率发生显著变化。     

江门"12.19"强对流天气分析

2002年12月份江门地区出现大范围的冰雹，这在历史资料中是绝无仅有的，本文对这次强对流天气成因进行了分析，分析表明，此次强对流天气是在低层暖湿气流短时加强进退，江南锋生的有利环境背景下发生的。