Decadal modes of sea surface salinity and the water cycle in the tropical Pacific Ocean: The anomalous late 1990s

Limitations in sea surface salinity (SSS) observations and timescale separation methods have led to an incomplete picture of the mechanisms of SSS decadal variability in the tropical Pacific Ocean, where the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) dominates. Little is known regarding the roles of the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO) and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) in the large-scale SSS variability over the tropical basin. A self-organizing map (SOM) clustering analysis is performed on the intrinsic mode function (IMF) maps, which are decomposed from SSS and other hydrological fields by ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD), to extract their asymmetric features on decadal timescales over the tropical Pacific. For SSS, an anomalous pattern appeared during 1997 to 2004, a period referred to as the anomalous late 1990s, when strong freshening prevailed in large areas over the southwestern basin and moderate salinization occurred in the western equatorial Pacific. During this period, the precipitation and surface currents were simultaneously subjected to anomalous fluctuations: the precipitation dipole and zonal current divergence along the equator coincided with the SSS increase in the far western equatorial Pacific, while the weak zonal current convergence in the southwestern basin and large-scale southward meridional currents tended to induce SSS decreases there. The dominant decadal modes of SSS and sea surface temperature (SST) in the tropical Pacific both resemble the NPGO but occur predominantly during the negative and positive NPGO phases, respectively. The similarities between the NPGO and Central Pacific ENSO (CP-ENSO) in their power spectra and associated spatial patterns in the tropics imply their dynamical links; the correspondence between the NPGO-like patterns during negative (positive) phases and the CP La Niña (CP El Niño) patterns for SSS is also discussed.     

基于卫星遥感影像的1∶5000地形图修测探讨

地形图体现测量时的地形地貌,随着城市建设和自然风蚀的影响,其逐渐与实地现状不一致,故实施地形图修测很有必要。本文基于卫星遥感影像的地形图修测方法进行了具体试验,提出了具体思路和作业流程,对地形图快速修测方法进行了有益探索。     

《重庆历史地图集·第一卷古地图》设计与研制

文章介绍了该图集编制的背景及国内编纂情况,阐述了图集需遵循的设计原则和工艺流程,构思了图集每个版块的定位及内容组成。重点对图集在编纂过程中开本设计、结构设计、内容设计、排版和整饰设计等方面进行了剖析,并根据重庆本地历史文化展现的需要,进行了对应的设计。其中的结构编排设计、内容排版设计、图名设计、文字内容结构设计,及版式中使用的中华民族文化元素和重庆本地的文化元素的有机融合等方面,在同类作品中实现了多项创新。最后,分析总结了图集编纂中的问题和解决方法,为后续相关产品的设计与编制提供参考。     

地图的信息表达与美学思维

长期以来人们偏重于地图的技术研究,导致地图的艺术研究进程落后于技术研究进程。近几年这种情况虽有改善,但对于地图的美学问题研究还是相对偏少。本文从地图的信息表达与美学思维角度出发,从地图的语言、技术、文化及创新4个方面探讨了地图与美学思维融合的问题,并提出了地图学与美学相结合的地图美学论,以期得到适合地图的美学设计。     

基于ArcGIS的大比例尺矢量电子地图制图研究

以基于ArcGIS的电子地图制图为研究对象,探讨了电子地图制图的技术流程和方法,详细阐述了使用Maplex引擎对标注进行处理的相关方法,从而创建高质量的动态标注,优化地图标注的数量和质量,为地理信息公共服务平台在线地图展示、浏览和标注提供了数据资源。     

基于多平台的输电线路选线系统开发

输电线路选线是电力工程勘测设计的重要工作内容,传统的勘测手段存在地图不能及时更新,优化选线不合理,实地踏勘工作量大、前期工作周期长等问题。本文以在线卫星地图数据为主要载体,开发了基于多平台在线地理信息数据的输电线路工程选线系统,改变传统的作业模式,发挥多平台在线卫星地图数据的优势,大大提高输电线路设计效率和质量,克服了多平台地理信息数据不能转换,图形不能编辑、输出、量测等问题。     

REVIEWS OF GEOGRAPHIC SOFTWARE

Geographic Software Reviewed in this article: LIFE TABLES and the LESLIE MATRIX. CONDUIT MENTMAP2 . Lawrence W. Carstensen Jr . PC-MATLAB , Version 1.0. The Math Works, Inc. QUICKMAP , version 1.0. Sammamish Data Systems, Inc. SYSTAT: THE SYSTEM FOR STATISTICS , Version 2.1, Systat Inc. USA DISPLAY . Instant Tecall     

SOFTWARE REVIEWS

software reviews are in this article MACATLAS . Number Cruncher Statistical System (NCSS) TRANSPRO FIRE-ROUTER     

BOOK REVIEWS

Books reviewed in this article: Boundary Control and Legal Priniciples . Curtis M. Brown , Walter G. Robillard and Donald A. Wilson . Lost Initiatives: Canada's Forest Industries, Forest Policy, and Forest Conservation . R. Peter Gillis and Thomas R. Roach . The Navajo Atlas: Resources, People, and History of the Dine Bikeyah . James M. Goodman . The City and the Sign . M. Gottdiener AND Alexandros Ph . Lagopoulos , EDS. The Comfortable House: North American Suburban Architecture 1890–1930 . Alan Gowans . Arabic-Islamic Cities. Building and Planning Principles . Besim Salim Hakim . Contemporary Climatology . Ann Henderson -Sellers and Peter J. Robinson . A Trace of Desert Waters . Samuel G. Houghton . Geography, Resources and Environment. Vol. 1: Selected Writings of Gilbert F. White. Vol. 2: Themes from the Work of Gilbert F. White . Robert W. Kates AND Ian Burton , ED. Spatial Dimensions of Unemployment and Underemployment (A Case Study of Rural Punjab) . Gopal Krishan . Maps of the Holy Land: Cartobibliography of Printed Maps, 1475–1900 . Compiled by Eran Laor , assisted by Shoshana Klein . The Geography of Third World Cities . Stella Lowder . A Perspective on U.S. Farm Problems and Agricultural Policy . Lance Mc Kinzie , Timothy G. Baker AND Wallace E. Tyner . Soil Erosion and Its Control. R.P.C . Morgan , ED Geopolitics . Patrick O'Sullivan . Landscape, Meanings and Values . Edmund C. Penning -Rowsell AND David Lowenthal , EDS.     

SOFTWARE REVIEWS

software reviews are in this article BMDP/PC CONCEPTS COMPUTERIZED ATLAS EVALUATION OF ALTERNATE PROPOSALS (EAP) EXTRA: EXPRESS TRANSIT ANALYSIS MATC CAD MOTORS TRANSPORTATION PACKAGE PCMAP: Thematic Mapping Software for the IBM Personal Computer, Version 2.3 PLACE TRANPLAN . US-ATLAS