Physical properties of aerosols at Maitri,Antarctica

Measurements of the submicron aerosol size distribution made at the Indian Antarctic station, Maitri (70‡45′S, 11‡44′E) from January 10th to February 24th, 1997, are reported. Total aerosol concentrations normally range from 800 to 1200 particles cm⁻³ which are typical values for the coastal stations at Antarctica in summer. Aerosol size distributions are generally trimodal and open-ended with a peak between 75 and 133 nm and two minima at 42 and 420 nm. Size distributions remain almost similar for several hours or even days in absence of any meteorological disturbance. Total aerosol concentration increases by approximately an order of magnitude whenever a low pressure system passes over the station. Based on the evolution of aerosol size-distributions during such aerosol enhancement periods, three types of cases have been identified. The nucleation mode in all three cases has been suggested to result from the photochemical conversion of the DMS emissions transported either by the marine air or by the air from the ice-melt regions around Maitri. Subsidence of midtropospheric air during the weakening of radiative inversion is suggested as a possible source of the nucleation mode particles in the third case. Growth of the nucleation mode particles by condensation, coagulation and/or by cloud processes has been suggested to be responsible for other modes in size distributions.     

Behaviour of Fe-oxides relevant to contaminant uptake in the environment

The behaviour of Fe-oxides was investigated during precipitation and co-precipitation, phase transformation and dissolution, while their ability to adsorb and incorporate trace components was examined. Some samples were synthesised and studied under controlled laboratory conditions and other samples were taken from experiments designed to test the effectiveness of waste treatment strategies using iron. Surface-sensitive and high-resolution techniques were used to complement information gathered from classical, macroscopic methods.

Adsorption isotherms for Ni²⁺ uptake on synthetic ferrihydrite (Fe₅HO₈·4H₂O, often written simply Fe(OH)₃), goethite (-FeOOH), hematite (-Fe₂O₃) and magnetite (Fe₃O₄) were all similar, increasing as expected at higher pH. Desorption behaviour was also similar, but one third or more of the Ni²⁺ failed to return to solution. In the past, “irreversible sorption” has been blamed on uptake into micro-fractures or pores, but during examination (using Atomic force microscopy, AFM) of hundreds of Fe-oxide particles, no evidence for such features could be found, leading to the conclusion that Ni²⁺ must become incorporated onto or into the solids. When solutions of Fe(II) are oxidised in controlled laboratory conditions or during treatment of ash from municipal waste incinerators, two-line ferrihydrite forms rapidly and on never-dried samples, AFM shows abundant individual particles with diameter ranging from 0.5 to several tens of nanometers. Aging in solution at 70°C promotes growth of the particles into hematite and goethite and their identification (by X-ray powder diffraction, XRPD, with Rietveld refinement) becomes possible at the same aging stage as mineral morphology becomes recognisable by AFM. In other experiments that were designed to mimic natural attack by organic acids, colloidal lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH) was observed in situ by AFM, while reductive dissolution removed material on specific crystal faces. Lath ends are eroded fastest while basal planes are more stable.

In order to help elucidate mechanisms of contaminant immobilisation by Fe-oxides, we examined samples from a reactive barrier made with 90% quartz sand, 5% bentonite and 5% zero-valent iron filings that had reacted with a solution typical of leachate from coal-burning fly ash using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (TOF-SIMS). Fe(0) oxidised to Fe(III), while soluble and toxic Cr(VI) was reduced to insoluble Cr(III). Chemical maps show Fe-oxide coatings on bentonite; Cr is associated with Fe-oxides to some extent but its association with Ca in a previously undescribed phase is much stronger. Other samples taken from municipal waste incinerator ash that had been treated by aeration in Fe(II) solutions were examined with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Pb and some Zn are seen to be dispersed throughout two-line ferrihydrite aggregates, whereas Sn and some Zn are incorporated simply as a result of entrainment of individual ZnSn-oxide crystallites.

Geochemical speciation models that fail to account for contaminant uptake in solid solutions within major phases or as thin coatings or entrained crystals of uncommon phases such as those described here risk to underestimate contaminant retardation or immobilisation.     

Study of the Factors Affecting the Abundance of Organic Matter in Jurassic Carbonate Rocks in Qiangtang Basin, Tibet

Field and laboratory analyses of carbonate rock samples from the Qiangtang Basin,Tibet, indicate that carbonate source rocks are mainly developed in the Middle Jurassic Xiali Formation and Upper Jurassic Suowa Formation. Comprehensive studies showed that the Suowa Formation carbonate source rocks have a favorable hydrocarbon-generating potential. The abundance of organic matter in the carbonate rocks is controlled mainly by sedimentary environment and inorganic compounds in the rocks, which is higher in the restricted platform facies than in the open platform facies. Organic carbon contents decrease with increasing CaO contents in the source rocks.     

巯基棉分离富集-原子荧光光谱法测定重晶石中痕量汞

重晶石样品研磨过筛,用EDTA-氢氧化钠混合溶液络合处理,盐酸调节至弱酸性释放出汞,处理后的样品用原子荧光光谱法测定矿样中的痕量汞。采用巯基棉分离富集有机汞及无机汞,在pH 3~4时巯基棉可充分吸附汞,分别用2 mol/L和6 mol/L盐酸洗脱有机汞和无机汞,并将有机汞转化为无机汞。对影响汞测定的实验条件及干扰元素进行探讨。方法线性范围为0.00~5.00 ng/mL,相关系数为0.999 6;加标回收率为92.0%~114.0%。方法具有简便、快速、基体干扰少、灵敏度高等优点。     

夏季黄土丘陵区不同土地利用方式土壤CO2分布特征及影响因素

为了解不同土地利用方式对土壤剖面CO2含量的影响,分析了吕梁山西侧黄土丘陵区不同土地利用类型（果树林地、大田作物地、荒地）土壤理化性质和不同深度的CO2分布特征及其影响因素。其结果表明:果树林地、大田作物地和荒地三种不同土地利用方式全磷、全钾含量差别不大,大田作物地土壤有机碳含量（2.95±1.19 g·kg-1）>荒地（2.63±1.36 g·kg-1）>果树林地（2.38±0.78 g·kg-1）,而大田作物地土壤无机碳含量（14.36±5.17 g·kg-1）>果树林地（14.16±1.32 g·kg-1）>荒地（12.40±4.04 g·kg-1）;同样,土壤全氮含量在大田作物地中含量最高,在其他两种土地利用方式中全氮含量大致相同。不同土地利用方式对土壤剖面CO2体积分数的影响较大,果树林地0～20 cm深度土壤CO2含量高于大田作物地和荒地,其原因:一方面为果树林地地表调落物较多,表层有机碳积累较多,在微生物分解作用下,形成了大量的CO2,另一方面,果树林地人为扰动小,而大田作物地人为扰动较大,土壤 CO2浓度更大程度上取决于农田的耕作管理措施和种植作物的品种。三种土地利用方式在土壤 80 cm 处土壤CO2含量均突然下降,其原因可能为雨水下渗吸收了土壤CO2 后与下部碳酸盐矿物发生作用,即碳酸盐矿物的溶蚀过程消耗吸收土壤CO2。土壤温、湿度也影响了土壤CO2的产生,但相关性均不显著,其原因为研究区土壤呼吸对温度响应高度依赖于土壤含水量,土壤CO2的产生速率更多受水热因子耦合作用的影响。      

Distribution of dissolved inorganic arsenic and its seasonal variations in the coastal area of the east China sea

Water samples were collected in the coastal area of the Changjiang Estuary on four cruises from August 2002 to May 2003. The seasonal variations of dissolved inorganic arsenic （DIAs） distributions were analyzed. The results showed that the distributions of DIAs were mainly influenced by Water （KSSW）. The concentration of the total dissolved the terrestrial input and the intrusion of the Kuroshio Subsurface inorganic arsenic （TDIAs） decreased consecutively from winter to summer, while it increased in autumn. The distributions of TDIAs showed some relationships with salinity and suspended particulate matter （SPM）. The relationships between DIAs speciation （including arsenite [ As（ Ⅲ ） ] and arsenate [ As（ Ⅴ ） ]）, biological activity and the availabilities of the phosphate were investigated in the study area for the cruise August 2002. The ratio of As （Ⅲ）/TDIAs increased with the decrease of phosphate concentrations. In the bottom water, the As（ Ⅲ ）/TDIAs ratio decreased with the increasing of N/P. The concentration of TDIAs decreased 28.7% approximately after the occurrence of harmful algal blooms （HAB） because of the uptake of arsenate by algae. Further study is needed about the arsenic source/sink relationships in their vertical or horizontal profiles and the uptake mechanism during the occurrence of harmful algal blooms.     

表生和埋藏成岩作用的温压条件下不同组成碳酸盐岩溶蚀成岩过程的实验模拟

表生到埋藏成岩作用的温度与压力（４０～１００℃，常压～２５ＭＰａ），方解石、白云石相对含量不同的碳酸盐岩的溶蚀证明，在表生与相对浅埋藏的温压条件（低于７５℃、２０ＭＰａ）下，方解石的溶解速率大大超过白云石，随着温度和压力的升高，两者溶解速率的差值变小。在相对深埋藏的温压条件（高于７５℃、２０ＭＰａ）下，白云石的溶解速率已超过方解石，在１００、２５ＭＰａ的温压条件下，微晶白云石（白云石／方解石＝９８／２）的溶解速率已是含云灰岩（白云石／方解石＝１６／８４）的２倍，造成这种现象的原因是白云石的温度、压力效应大大超过方解石之故。根据实验的结果可以预测：表生与相对浅埋藏的温压条件下，石灰岩的岩溶作用较白云岩发育；但在深埋藏阶段，由溶解作用造成的白云岩次生孔隙应比方解石更为发育，这是埋藏深度大于２０００ｍ的地层中，白云岩储层多于石灰岩的重要原因。     

天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川大气气溶胶和新雪中可溶性离子关系研究

在2007年4月、8月和10月三个时段内,分昼夜采集了23个气溶胶样品和7个新降雪样品,对样品中的可溶性离子进行了分析。结果表明,乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川(以下简称1号冰川)春、夏、秋三个季节气溶胶平均载量为86.22 neq/m³,分析显示1号冰川存在NH₄HSO₄和(NH₄)₂SO₄气溶胶,并有少量NH₄NO₃气溶胶存在。气溶胶和新雪样品中可溶性离子成分变化趋势相似,气溶胶浓度升高,新雪样品的浓度也会有所升高,反之亦然。气溶胶和新雪中Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、Na⁺、Cl^-、K⁺的相关性很好,说明雪中这些离子的浓度基本能反映大气中的状况;对气相和颗粒相并存的NH₄⁺和NO₃^-来说,雪中的离子浓度和大气中的离子浓度不相关。     

滇东南泸江流域岩溶地下水质量及污染影响因素研究

泸江流域是滇东南典型的喀斯特断陷盆地发育区,主干水系连接着多个断陷盆地及坡立谷.根据最新的地下水污染调查资料,流域喀斯特地下水质量总体以Ⅲ类为主,水质超Ⅲ类的岩溶水点中,东部多,西部少,且暗河占比最大,岩溶泉次之,机井最小.主要污染源是工矿企业及城镇生活垃圾污染源,研究分析了污染影响因素为环境水文地质条件的差异、污染源...     

铁（氢）氧化物介导的溶解性有机质、无机磷的固定及相互作用研究进展

铁(氢)氧化物介导的溶解性有机质(DOM)和无机磷(DIP)的固定在水生态系统中普遍存在,对碳、磷元素的生物地球化学循环有重要的影响.铁(氢)氧化物主要通过吸附和共沉淀两种过程固定DOM和DIP,且铁(氢)氧化物、DOM和DIP三者存在复杂的相互作用.本文主要从铁(氢)氧化物对DOM和DIP的固定,铁(氢)氧化物、DOM和DIP之间的相互影响等方面综述了相关研究进展,梳理了铁(氢)氧化物、DOM和DIP在吸附和共沉淀过程中的相互作用机制与影响因素.DOM的存在会通过占据铁(氢)氧化物表面吸附点位、络合、抑制铁水解沉淀等途径影响铁(氢)氧化物对DIP的固定;且不同机制与DOM的不同性质如分子大小、芳香组分、羧基官能团含量等有关.而DIP的存在会改变铁(氢)氧化物对DOM的固定分馏过程,改变溶液中DOM的组分和性质.在明晰三者相互作用基础上,探讨了铁(氢)氧化物介导的DOM和DIP的固定过程对湖泊内源磷释放和碳埋藏的可能影响,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望.