计算机多媒体技术在地学领域中的某些应用

结合地质工作特点，概述了计算机多媒体技术在地质科研、地质教育、成果汇报演示以及地质信息管理方面的应用成果，展示了多媒体技术在地学领域中的应用前景。     

假玻状岩研究的新进展

综述了假玻状岩研究的主要进展，假玻状岩形成的磨擦熔融机制与机械磨碎机制实际上不是过去所认为的是两种互相排斥的机制，而是在假玻状岩形成过程中两个密切相关的阶段，磨碎作用是熔融发生的必要的前提条件；假玻状岩不仅可以形成于脆性域（与碎裂岩相关），而且可以形成于脆韧性过渡区（与糜棱岩相关），形成的最大深度可达１８ｋｍ；假玻状岩是围岩中矿物选择性熔融的产物，矿物优先熔融的顺序（从易到难）为：层状硅酸盐、链状     

STUDY ON THE VARIATION IN THE CONFIGURATION OF SUBTROPICAL ANTICYCLONE AND ITS MECHANISM DURING SEASONAL TRANSITION-PART Ⅱ:SEASONAL TRANSITION INDICES OVER THE ASIAN MONSOON REGION

Based on the studies in Part Ⅰ (see Mao et al.2003),this paper further examines the relationship between the Asian summer monsoon onset and variation in meridional position of the warm temperature ridge with a zonal orientation in mid-upper troposphere.During the Asian monsoon bursting consequentially over the Bay of Bengal,South China Sea,and South Asia,in addition to the reversal of winds in the lower and upper troposphere and deep convection before and after the onset,the atmospheric meridional temperature gradient (MTG) in the vicinity of the ridge-surface of subtropical high (WEB defined in Part Ⅰ) exhibits a significant reversal.Since the establishment of temperature structure with higher over north than over south of the WEB in the mid-upper troposphere (200-500 hPa) characterizes the collective essential that the Asian summer monsoon bursts over different areas,the MTG in mid-upper troposphere,based on the thermodynamics associated with the seasonal transition,should be a reasonable index to measure the Asian monsoon onset.The definition for onset date is proposed,and the time series of onset date for different sections are determined.As compared with the onset dates determined by other indices such as 850-hPa zonal wind and OLR.correlation analyses indicate that the 850-hPa zonal wind is only regional index,but the MTG index is applicable universally to the Asian monsoon regime.     

多年冻土区路桥过渡段的一种新结构

The design of roadbed-abutment transition part is always a challenging problem in transportation engineering, especially in permafrost distribution zone. A new type of roadbed-abutment transition part on permafrost was presented, and long-term observation was conducted for the deformation and the thermal regime of a roadbed-abutment transition part in the constructing Qinghai-Tibet Railway. In this paper, a new structure was presented and the observed settlements both in the subgrade and the base and its dependency with the thermal regime (permafrost table) were analyzed. In conclusion the roadbed-a-butment transition method for permafrost distribution zone was evaluated.     

Typical basin-fill sequences and basin migration in Yanshan, North China--Response to Mesozoic tectonic transition

Basin-fill sequences of Mesozoic typical basins in the Yanshan area, North China may be divided into four phases, reflecting lithosphere tectonic evolution from flexure (T3), flexure with weak rifting (J1+2), tectonic transition (J3), and rifting (K). Except the first phase, the other three phases all start with lava and volcaniclastic rocks, and end with thick coarse clastic rocks and/or conglomerates, showing cyclic basin development rather than simple cyclic rift mechanism and disciplinary basin-stress change from extension to compression in each phase. Prototype basin analysis, based on basin-fill sequences, paleocurrent distribution and depositional systems, shows that single basin-strike and structural-line direction controlling basin development had evidently changed from east-west to northeast in Late Jurassic in the Yanshan area, although basin group still occurred in east-west zonal distribution. Till Early Cretaceous, main structural-line strike controlling basins just turned to northeast by north in the studied area.     

安徽铜陵铜官山矿区中生代岩浆-热液过程：来自岩石包体及其寄主岩的证据

安徽铜陵铜官山矿区的燕山期中酸性-酸性小侵入岩体在时间上和空间上与区内的层控矽卡岩型铜(金)矿床密切相关。在这些小侵入岩体中，特别是在老庙基、小铜官山和金口岭岩体中，产有二长质到闪长质的同源包体、角闪石堆积岩包体和黑云母片岩残余包体。对这三类岩石包体及其寄主岩进行了详细的岩石学和矿物学研究以及单矿物氧同位素分析，同时收集了相关的岩石化学和地球化学资料，为阐明矿区岩浆-热液过程提供了依据。分析结果表明，闪长岩和辉石岩包体的(^87r／^86Sr)，为0．7070～0．7073，εM(t)为-9．7，而石英二长闪长岩主岩(^87r／^86Sr)。为0．7072～0．7077，εNd(t)为-10．6～-11．9。铜官山矿区堆积岩包体中的堆积晶、同源包体和寄主岩中的斑晶以及同源包体及寄主岩中的基质的矿物结晶温度分属890～970℃，730～755℃和675～730℃三个区间，对应的深度为24～29km，9～15km和4～6km。它们分别代表了深位岩浆房、浅位岩浆房和岩浆侵位处矿物结晶的温度和深度深位岩浆房的深度对应于岩石圈中下地壳硅镁层的深度，而浅位岩浆房的深度对应于岩石圈中-新元古界浅变质岩系的深度从宕石包体及其寄主岩锶、钕同位素以及岩石学和矿物学资料来看，深位岩浆房中的岩浆可能是由底侵的碱性玄武岩浆与下地壳硅镁层发生相互作用形成的，而浅位岩浆房中的岩浆可能是由来自深位岩浆房的演化岩浆与中-新元古界浅变质岩系发生相互作用形成的。二长质同源包体与黑云母片岩残余包体过渡，有时闪长质同源包体与寄主岩过渡，相互之间的界线模糊不清。角闪石堆积岩包体中金属氧化物和硫化物的共存表明，在堆积岩结晶时已有相当数量的铁、铜和硫溶解在演化的岩浆中。由此可以推断，已初步富集铁、铜和硫的演化岩浆与深度同浅位岩浆房相当且富合成矿元素的变质岩发生同化混染作用，可以富集足够的成矿物质以形成铜官山矿区的矽卡岩型铜铁硫化物矿床，矿区同源包体中斜长石的δ^18OSMOW‰值为9．0～9．2，寄主岩中斜长石和石英为9．4～9．9，矽卡岩中石榴石和石英为3．92～11．84，矿石中磁铁矿和石英为3．84～5.85，而相应的δ^18H2O‰值在寄主岩中为6．87，矽卡岩中为6.85～6.89，矿石中为8．18～12．64。此外，在寄主岩及其岩石包体中同时产有熔融包裹体、熔融-流体包裹体和流体包裹体，并能见到不混溶包裹体。这些事实结合矿物平衡地质温度计计算结果和收集的包裹体测温资料，表明矿区的岩浆-热液过程可以分为：1)岩浆结晶；2)岩浆流体出溶和出溶流体演化(大致对应于矽卡岩化)；和3)成矿热液活动(对应于铜金矿化)三个阶段。     

Occurrence of the Indian genus Hemibos (Bovini, Bovidae, Mammalia) at the Early–Middle Pleistocene transition in Italy

The morphology of the horn-core structure and section shape of the Bos galerianus type specimen, as well as the general anatomy of the frontal and occipital areas of the skull, suggest that the skull is better attributed to the Indian genus Hemibos. This finding contributes to our understanding of faunal dispersal patterns into Europe at the Early–Middle Pleistocene transition.     

Late-glacial and Holocene vegetation and climatic history of the Cass Basin, central South Island, New Zealand

Lithology, pollen, macrofossils, and stable carbon isotopes from an intermontane basin bog site in southern New Zealand provide a detailed late-glacial and early Holocene vegetation and climate record. Glacial retreat occurred before 17,000 cal yr B.P., and tundra-like grassland–shrubland occupied the basin shortly after. Between 16,500 and 14,600 cal yr B.P., a minor regional expansion of forest patches occurred in response to warming, but the basin remained in shrubland. Forest retreated between 14,600 and 13,600 cal yr B.P., at about the time of the Antarctic Cold Reversal. At 13,600 cal yr B.P., a steady progression from shrubland to tall podocarp forest began as the climate ameliorated. Tall, temperate podocarp trees replaced stress-tolerant shrubs and trees between 12,800 and 11,300 cal yr B.P., indicating sustained warming during the Younger Dryas Chronozone (YDC). Stable isotopes suggest increasing atmospheric humidity from 11,800 to 9300 cal yr B.P. Mild (annual temperatures at least 1°C higher than present), and moist conditions prevailed from 11,000 to 10,350 cal yr B.P. Cooler, more variable conditions followed, and podocarp forest was completely replaced by montane Nothofagus forest at around 7500 cal yr B.P. with the onset of the modern climate regime. The Cass Basin late-glacial climate record closely matches the Antarctic ice core records and is in approximate antiphase with the North Atlantic.     

The magmatic–hydrothermal transition—evidence from quartz phenocryst textures and endoskarn abundance in Cu–Zn skarns at the Empire Mine, Idaho, USA

Information about the magmatic to hydrothermal transition is preserved in late-stage features of quartz phenocrysts and endoskarn alteration in some Cu–Zn skarn deposits such as the Empire Mine in Idaho. Important features include: (1) quartz phenocrysts with strong resorption textures such as vermicular zones of igneous groundmass cutting primary quartz cathodoluminescence banding, (2) anomalous amounts of endoskarn (more than 50% of mineralized rock), (3) high F activities as evidenced by fluorite as an accessory mineral in igneous rocks, in alteration assemblages, and in fluid inclusions and by high F in hydroxyl sites in igneous biotite and amphibole, and (4) direct association of Zn, which normally is deposited distally at low temperature, with Cu in proximal locations and in endoskarn. These features are explained by the following model: (1) F lowers the solidus temperature of the magma, thus changing the timing, temperature, and duration of hydrothermal fluid exsolution. (2) Upon magmatic vapor saturation the F-rich hydrothermal fluids form bubbles that adhere to quartz phenocrysts and chemically corrode/tunnel into the quartz forming vermicular resorption textures. (3) F-rich hydrothermal fluids also promote the formation of endoskarn; silicic rocks are attacked by F-rich fluids in the same sense that carbonate wall rocks are dissolved by weakly to moderately acidic hydrothermal fluids. (4) Low fluid exsolution temperature facilitated by high F activity promotes high Zn/Cu ratios in proximal locations due to the solubility of Zn relative to Cu at lower temperatures. This model may be applicable at other localities such as the world-class Cu–Zn skarn Antamina mine, as well as some tin and rapakivi granites.     

The influence of Cr on the garnet–spinel transition in the Earth''s mantle: experiments in the system MgO–Cr2O3–SiO2 and thermodynamic modelling

The position of the transition from spinel peridotite to garnet peridotite in a simplified chemical composition has been determined experimentally at high pressures and high temperatures. The univariant reaction MgCr₂O₄+2Mg₂Si₂O₆=Mg₃Cr₂Si₃O₁₂+Mg₂SiO₄, has a negative slope in P–T space between 1200 °C and 1600 °C. The experimental results, combined with assessed thermodynamic data for MgCr₂O₄, MgSiO₃ and Mg₂SiO₄ give the entropy and enthalpy of formation of knorringite garnet (Mg₃Cr₂Si₃O₁₂). Thermodynamic calculations in simplified chemical compositions indicate that Cr shifts the garnet-in reaction to much higher pressures than previously anticipated. Moreover, in Cr-bearing systems a pressure–temperature field exists where garnet and spinel coexist. The width of this divariant field strongly depends on the Cr/(Cr+Al) of the system.