海城震区深地震测深资料A/D转换方法及其效果的研究

介绍深地震测深模拟磁带资料在CROMEMCO型微机上实现A/D转换的方法及其效果。在实现A/D转换研究中,进行了时标信号采集方式、六响信号处理、模拟回放电路改进等方法的试验,从而提高了A/D转换精度与效果。经对海城震区实际资料分析可知:该系统A/D转换精度达到了规范要求。     

Why is Shirase Glacier turning its flow direction eastward?

We applied an image correlation method to Japanese Earth Resources Satellite-1 (JERS-1) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data obtained from 1996 to 1998 to examine flow velocity within Shirase Glacier, Antarctica. From the grounding line to the downstream region of the glacier, the obtained ice-flow velocity was systematically higher on the western streamline than the eastern. The differences between the two streamlines were 0.31 km/a in 1996 and 0.37 km/a in 1998, significantly larger than the error estimate of 0.03 km/a. The direction of ice flow was about 312° at the grounding line and changed to 327° at 10 km, 346° at 20 km and 2° at 30 km downstream from the grounding line. The total accumulated deflection is 50° to the east. Under the assumption of the conservation of ice mass across the glacier, the observed eastward change in flow direction can be explained by an asymmetric deepening of bedrock topography, that is, across the 8 km width of the glacier, the eastern side is 50 m (10%) deeper than the western side. This eastward turning of flow direction appears to be accelerated by tributary inlets, that flow to the north and northeast at 60–75% of the velocity of inlets on the western streamline.     

Characteristics of seasonal and spatial variations of primary production over the southeastern Bering Sea shelf

In situ primary production data collected during 1978–1981 period and 1997–2000 period were combined to improve understanding of seasonal and spatial distribution of primary production in the southeastern Bering Sea. Mean daily primary production rates showed an apparent seasonal cycle with high rates in May and low rates in summer over the entire shelf of the southeastern Bering Sea except for oceanic region due to lack of data. There was also an increasing trend of primary production rates in the fall over the inner shelf and the middle shelf. There was a decreasing trend of primary production rates between late April and mid-May over the inner shelf while there was an abrupt increase between late April and mid-May over the middle shelf and the outer shelf. In the shelf break region, there was an increasing pattern in late May. These suggest that there was a gradual progression of the development of the spring phytoplankton bloom from the inner shelf toward the shelf break region. There was also a latitudinal variability of primary production rate over the middle shelf, probably due to either spatial variations of the seasonal advance and retreat of sea ice or horizontal advection of saline water in the bottom layer. Annual rates of primary production across the southeastern Bering Sea shelf were 121, 150, 145, 110, and 84 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹ in the inner shelf, the middle shelf, the outer shelf, the shelf break, and oceanic region, respectively. High annual rates of primary production over the inner shelf can be attributed to continuous summer production based on regenerated nitrogen and/or a continuous supply of nitrogen at the inner front region, and to fall production. There were some possibilities of underestimation of annual primary production over the entire shelf due to lack of measurement in early spring and fall, which may be more apparent over the shelf break and oceanic region than the inner shelf, the middle, and the outer shelf. This study suggests that the response of primary production by climate change in the southeastern Bering Sea shelf can be misunderstood without proper temporal and seasonal measurement.     

An equal area conversion model for rasterization of vector polygons

Vector-raster conversion is one of the classic research topics in the field of Geographical Information Systems (GIS). The algorithms commonly used in GIS are devoted to maintaining the vector polygons' shape characteristics, but neglect the gain and loss of a polygon's area, which is another important attribute. This paper proposes an equal-area conversion model based on an area compensation optimization principle. According to the topological relationship among polygons and boundary grids, a neighborhood compensation principle was adopted to assign the attributes of boundary grids and a global optimization algorithm was developed to minimize area distortion in the whole data set. Two experiments were designed and the results indicated that this algorithm not only guaranteed the area error is as small as possible, but also has the advantage as being adaptive to polygon shape and spatial structure.     

地图数字化数据坐标变换的相关性分析

将用于求定地图数字化坐标转换参数的已知点的地面坐标和数字化坐标都当作观测值，用随有参数的条件平差求定转换参数，对采用4个已知点、9个已知点分别进行相似与仿射变换进行了分析，计算了格网点之间的相关系数，进一步分析了格网点间相关系数的分布规律，对转换后的坐标相关性进行了讨论。     

海洋风暴形成的一种动力学机制

文中从观测统计学、瞬变涡动能量学和 MM5中尺度数值模拟角度 ,研究了海洋风暴 (爆发性气旋 )形成的气候特征及其可能的动力学机制 ,揭示了一幅爆发性发展的物理图像。结果表明 ,在冷季大气特别是日本以东洋面上大气特有的热力气候背景下 ,通过同海洋风暴过程相联系的涡动热通量 vθ的向极地输送 (- vθ· θm>0 ) ,将季节尺度的时间平均有效位能向瞬变涡旋时间尺度的涡动有效位能转换 ,是海洋风暴形成的主要动力机制。在该过程中转换来的具有最大贡献的涡动有效位能 ,连同具有次大贡献的积云加热制造的涡动有效位能(q3 )一起 ,通过暖异常区 (α >0 )暖湿空气上升运动 (-ω >0 )的斜压转换 (-ωα) ,促使涡动动能增长。同时 ,补充的涡动有效位能又加强了暖异常区的暖湿空气上升运动 ,进而产生积云对流活动及其潜热释放的正反馈过程 ,最终导致涡动动能急剧增长和海洋风暴的形成。海-气潜热输送的作用是在风暴形成初期提供后来积云尺度对流活动及潜热释放的水汽潜力。研究还表明 ,海洋风暴主要发生在冷季月份 1 3 0°E以东的中高纬洋面上 ,这种对特定季节和特定海域的依赖性是大气和海洋气候背景的动力 /热力共同作用的结果     

里特曼标准矿物换算因数算法及评估

里特曼因数共有40个,实际上不敷使用,可运用里特曼稳定矿物组成原理来计算矿物换算因数,同理,还可计算出火成岩岩石密度的近似值。增补两个矿物换算因数:高岭石1.02;硬石膏1.19。     

CT-1地震计传递函数测试仪的设计

将计算机控制技术应用到甚宽频带地震计的传递函数测试中。讨论了基本的测试方法和原理，阐述了传递函数测试系统的软、硬件设计，给出了测试系统的应用实例。该测试系统具有正弦波自动扫频、阶跃信号法和脉冲信号法等标定方法，满足了甚宽频带地震计的传递函数测试在观测频带、动态范围和测试精度等方面的要求。     

Products and Mechanism of the Gas Phase Reaction of Ozone with β-Pinene

Gas phase ozonolysis of -pinene was performedin a 570 l static reactor at 730 Torr and 296 K insynthetic air and the products were analysed by acombination of gas phase FTIR spectroscopy, HPLC andIC analyses of gas phase and aerosol samples,respectively. The reaction mechanism was investigatedby adding HCHO, HCOOH and H₂O as Criegeeintermediate scavenger and cyclohexane as OH radicalscavenger. Main identified products (yields inparentheses) in the presence of cyclohexane as OHradical scavenger were HCHO (0.65 ± 0.04),nopinone (0.16 ± 0.04), 3-hydroxy-nopinone (0.15± 0.05), CO₂ (0.20 ± 0.04), CO (0.030± 0.002), HCOOH (0.020 ± 0.002), the secondaryozonide of -pinene (0.16 ± 0.05), andcis-pinic acid (0.02 ± 0.01). The decompositionof the primary ozonide was found to yieldpredominantly the excited C₉-Criegee intermediateand HCHO (0.84 ± 0.04) and to a minor extent theexcited CH₂OO intermediate and nopinone (0.16± 0.04). Roughly 40% of the excitedC₉-Criegee intermediate becomes stabilised andcould be shown to react with HCHO, HCOOH and H₂O. The atmospherically important reaction of thestabilised C₉-Criegee intermediate with H₂Owas found to result in a nopinone increase of (0.35± 0.05) and in the formation of H₂O₂(0.24 ± 0.03). Based on the observed products,the unimolecular decomposition/isomerisationchannels of the C₉-Criegee intermediate arediscussed in terms of the hydroperoxide and esterchannels. Subsequent reactions of the nopinonylradical, formed in the hydroperoxide channel, lead tomajor products like 3-hydroxy-nopinone but also tominor products like cis-pinic acid. A mechanismfor the formation of this dicarboxylic acid isproposed and its possible role in aerosol formationprocesses discussed.     

Surfer在地球重力场数据可视化中的应用

介绍了应用Surfer实现地球重力场数据可视化的方法和步骤,结合重力场数据格式特点,编制了简单的格式转换程序,直接操作Surfer绘制重力场数据二维、三维信息图,实现了地球重力场数据的快速可视化。