黄河口“烂泥”波浪特性的分析

根据１９９１年１１月２３－２４日现场波浪测量资料，分析了黄河口“烂泥”的消波效应。结果表明，波浪传至“烂泥”后波高和周期均有明显减小，波浪频谱也有较大的变化，“烂泥”是一个天然的“避风港”。     

Embayment characteristic time and biology via tidal prism model

Transport time scales are often offered by scientists, and accepted by ecologists, as qualitative indicators of the susceptibility of ecological components within an embayment. However, rigorous quantitative methods were never presented to confirm this intuition. Transport time scales in water bodies are classically based on their physical and chemical aspects rather than their ecological and biological character. The direct connection between a physical time scale and an ecological effect has to be investigated in order to quantitatively relate a transport time scale to ecology. This concept is presented here with some general guidelines and clarifying examples. To be able to relate physical time scales to biological processes, a simple tidal prism model is developed that calculates temporal changes in concentration and the related exposure. This approach provides a quick method to calculate the characteristic time for transport in a large number of embayments, which can also help in classification endeavors.     

近50年来广西海岸滩涂变化特征分析

作者利用不同时段的遥感影像、数字化地形图和历史航空相片,在地理信息系统平台上提取广西海岸滩涂的变化资料,并对其进行分析。结果表明,近50 a来广西海岸滩涂的变化特征为:滩涂面积经历了由加速递减(1955～1977年)、滩涂面积变化基本不变(1978～1988年)到滩涂面积再次递减的3个阶段(1988年以来),其中滩涂面积变化最大的是沙砾质滩涂,其次是红树林滩涂,这两类滩涂面积减少最多、递减速率最快。     

硇洲岛大型海藻群落的季节演替*

2011年4月至2012年1月对硇洲岛潮间带大型海藻进行了周年的季节调查, 结果表明, 调查海域大型海藻共有64种。其中褐藻门15种, 占总种类数的23.44%; 红藻门28种, 占总种类数的43.75%; 绿藻门20种, 占总种类数的31.25%; 蓝藻门1种, 占总种类数的1.56%。其种类数春季最多, 共43种; 夏季24种; 秋季29种; 冬季31种。有9个物种为4个季节共有种, 有14个物种为3个季节共有种。各季节间共有种类数为12~26种, 季节间种类更替率为0.42~0.78, 春夏季种类更替率最高, 秋冬季种类更替率最低。优势种共有13种, 仅拟鸡毛菜Pterocladiella capillacea为全年优势种, 而半叶马尾藻Sargassum hemiphyllum和小珊瑚藻Corallina pilulifera为3个季节共有优势种。调查海域大型海藻生物量季节变化明显, 平均生物量春季最高, 冬季次之, 夏季最低。不同物种其垂直分带明显, 从高潮区往低潮区种类数不断增多; 生物量也是从高潮区往低潮区逐渐增大。物种多样性指数变化范围为0.03~2.33, 年均值为1.10; 均匀度变化范围为0.01~0.70, 年均值为0.36; 种类丰富度指数变化范围为0.15~1.65, 年均值为0.72; 辛普森优势度指数变化范围为0.01~0.78, 年均值为0.39。各大型海藻含水率变化范围在51.92%~97.52%, 平均值为85.21%; 总有机碳含量变化范围在4.34%~42.06%, 平均为27.99%。相关性分析发现, 调查海域大型海藻生物量与无机氮(DIN)呈显著负相关, 相关系数为0.49(P＜0.05), 与其他环境因子的相关性不明显。在大型海藻生长旺盛的冬春季, 海水中的无机氮(DIN)含量最低, 与其他自然海域冬季营养盐积累规律显著不同。     

Seasonal variations of wind and waves over Taiwan waters

We here investigate the frequency and intensity of oscillations in oceanographic data within intraseasonal time scales using spectral analysis of surface wind and wave time-series data collected at off-island weather stations or moored buoys around Taiwan. Data from marine weather stations were used to trace atmospheric conditions, while we used buoy data to examine sea states. The spectra and wavelet scalogram of the wind fields revealed oscillations with a period of around 20–33 days, and the energy density of the wind field at the off-island stations was stronger than that at the data buoy stations. However, the wavelet scalogram of the wave height measured at the buoy stations was stronger than its associated wind field. This long-period oscillation is consistent with the wavelet scalogram of the wind field calculated from the off-island weather stations. About 20–33 day oscillations exist within intraseasonal variations, which are closely linked to the atmospheric environment and to wind and ocean wave fields. Oscillations with a period of 5–10 days are a pronounced feature over northeastern Taiwan waters during the winter season and can be interpreted as the wave pattern following synoptic weather systems.     

舟山渔场及其邻近海域水团的气候学分析

根据多年(1958—1990)月平均温、盐度资料，采用模糊聚类分析法划分了舟山渔场及其邻近海域的水团，并对该海域水团的配置、主要特性及其季节变异特征进行了气候学分析。结果表明，舟山渔场及其邻近海域共存在4个水团，即江浙沿岸水、台湾暖流表层水、台湾暖流深层水和黄海混合水；全年水团的配置可归纳为冬季型、夏季型和过渡型3种类型；江浙沿岸水的主要特征为低盐，其分布范围和盐度的季节变化与长江入海径流密切相关，而温度的季节变化则主要受太阳辐射的影响；台湾暖流表层水具有高温、次高盐特征，其北伸程度和温、盐特性均具有明显的季节变化，即冬季北伸强、温度低、盐度高，夏季北伸弱、温度高、盐度低；台湾暖流深层水以低温、高盐为主要特征，仅存在于4—9月，其温、盐性质较稳定；黄海混合水的主体不在研究海域。     

The retrieval of the nonlinear random waves from the non-Gaussian characteristics of the sea surface elevation distribution

In this paper, without recourse to the nonlinear dynamical equations of the waves, the nonlinear random waves are retrieved from the non-Gaussian characteristic of the sea surface elevation distribution. The question of coincidence of the nonlinear wave profile, spectrum and its distributions of maximum (or minimum) values of the sea surface elevation with results derived from some existing nonlinear theories is expounded under the narrow-band spectrum condition. Taking the shoaling sea wave as an example, the nonlinear random wave process and its spectrum in shallow water are retrieved from both the non-Gaussian characteristics of the sea surface elevation distribution in shallow water and the normal sea waves in deep water and compared with the values actually measured. Results show that they can coincide with the actually measured values quite well, thus, this can confirm that the method proposed in this paper is feasible.     

An asperity model to simulate rupture along heterogeneous fault surfaces

A model has been developed to simulate the statistical and mechanical nature of rupture on a heterogeneous strike-slip fault. The model is based on the progressive failure of circular asperities of varying sizes and strengths along a fault plane subjected to a constant far-field shear displacement rate. The basis of the model is a deformation and stress intensity factory solution for a single circular asperity under a unidirectional shear stress. The individual asperities are unified through the fault stiffness and the far-field stress and displacement. During fault deformation asperities can fail and reheal, resulting in changes in the local stresses in the asperities, stress drops, and changes in the stiffness of the fault. Depending on how the stress is redistributed following asperity failure and on the strenghts of the neighboring asperities an earthquake event can be the failure of one or more asperities. Following an earthquake event seismic source parameters such as the stress drop, energy change, and moment magnitude are calculated. Results from the model show a very realistic pattern of earthquake rupture, with reasonable source parameters, the proper magnitude-frequency behavior, and the development of characteristic earthquakes. Also the progression ofb-values in the model gives some insight into the phenomenon of self-organized criticality.     

内蒙古克鲁伦凹陷伊敏组下段砂岩铀成矿条件、特征及成因

为查明内蒙古克鲁伦凹陷伊敏组下段砂岩铀成矿规律和成因,系统总结了内外部铀源、构造环境、岩性-岩相特征、后生氧化作用等关键控矿条件以及铀成矿特征,较精准厘定了目的层时代及其铀成矿年龄,进而构建了砂岩铀成矿模式。结果表明:克鲁伦凹陷的主攻找矿目的层为伊敏组下段,侏罗纪中酸性火山岩、海西期花岗岩、下白垩统伊敏组和地下水的U含量高,指示了内外部铀源十分丰富;目的层形成于断-坳转换期,发育扇三角洲相—滨浅湖相沉积体系,(水下)分流河道微相灰色砂体发育,岩性以含砾粗砂岩、砂砾岩为主,结构疏松,透水性好;原生砂体中富含碳屑及植物茎干,自身还原容量较高,是一套良好的含矿建造;该砂体普遍发育强烈的褐黄色面状古潜水(局部古潜水-层间)后生氧化作用,进而控制了矿体的形成和形态;矿体埋深一般小于150 m,每平方米U质量为0.46~1.00 kg,主要呈透镜状和似层状;铀矿化砂岩全岩U-Pb定年获得了(67.1±5.9)Ma和(63.7±5.2)Ma的等时线成矿年龄;结合凹陷构造演化史,建立了伊敏组下段4个阶段的古潜水-层间氧化铀成矿模式,即早白垩世早期成矿前富铀建造准备阶段、早白垩世中晚期含矿目的层形成阶段、古近纪主成矿阶段和新近纪成矿停滞保存阶段,并指出区内深部(500 m以浅)仍具有较好的古潜水-层间氧化带型铀矿成矿潜力。