Observation of the seasonal evolution of the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass in 1996–1998

We use the hydrographic data obtained during the joint survey of the Yellow Sea by the First Institute of Oceanography, China and the Korea Ocean Research and Development Institute, Korea, to quantify the spatial structures and temporal evolution of the southern Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass (YSCWM). It is indicated that the southern YSCWM is a water mass that develops in summer and decays in fall. In winter, due to the intrusion of the Yellow Sea Warm Current (YSWC), the central area (approximately between 34°N and 35°N, 122°E and 124°E) of the Yellow Sea is mainly occupied by relatively high temperature water (T>10 °C). By contrast, from early summer to fall, under the seasonal thermocline, the central area of Yellow Sea is occupied by cold water (T<10 °C). In summer, the southern YSCWM has two cold cores. One is formed locally southeast of Shandong Peninsula, and the other one has a tongue-like feature occupying the area approximately between 34°N and 37°N, 123°E and 126°E. The bottom layer temperature anomalies from February to July in the cold tongue region, along with the trajectories of the bottom floaters, suggest that the cold water mass in the northeast region has a displacement from the north to the central area of the Yellow Sea during the summer.     

Observation of recent tectonic movements by extensometers in the Pannonian Basin

In Hungary four extensometric observatories were established in the last two decades. The extensometers were installed primarily for observations of Earth tides. A 15-year continuous data series (1991–2005) was recorded at the Sopronbánfalva station and a 7-year record (1993–1999) was obtained at the Pécs station. The length of the measured continuous data series at the two other stations (Bakonya and Budapest) is only a few years. The long-term data records were also applied to the investigation of long-periodic deformations caused by recent tectonic movements. To get an insight into the present day tectonic processes on the margin of the Pannonian Basin, the measurement results of two additional stations (Vyhne in Slovakia and Beregovo in Ukraine) were also included into the investigations. The seasonal variations in the long data series due to temperature and air pressure effects were eliminated. The residual curve – after the correction of the seasonal effects and filtering the “high frequency” components (e.g. earthquakes, Earth tides, etc.) – contains the instrumental drift. It is impossible to determine this curve mathematically. It can be diminished by special instrumental solutions and by regular calibration of the instruments. This paper shows methods and possible solutions how the instrumental drift was investigated and eliminated in order to get the most reliable data for studying recent tectonic movements. The reliability of the extensometric measurements was tested by the tidal evaluation of the data series. The results of the observations show that the Pannonian Basin is under compressive stress. The strain rates measured by extensometers on the margin of the basin are about three orders of magnitude higher than the intra-plate strains obtained by GPS measurements. The reason for this large difference arises from the interaction between the plate boundary and intra-plate forces and from the different measurement techniques. Investigations showed that the rate of the tectonic movements varies, and depends on the local geographical and topographical conditions.     

中强地震前朝阳地震台地倾斜异常特征分析

辽宁省朝阳地震台地倾斜长期可靠的资料,在多次中强地震前出现明显的中短期异常,为预报地震提供了重要依据。本文研究讨论了距朝阳台600km范围内发生的10次地震（4．5≤M≤6．2）前兆异常特征,结果表明：朝阳台倾斜异常的时间、形态、方向与所处的构造位置有关。异常持续时间与震中距呈现明显的线性关系,异常形态与地震的空间位置有关,短期异常是判定地震发生时间的重要指标。在此基础上判断朝阳地倾斜目前所处的异常阶段,分析预测了未来地震发生的区域和强度。     

河北省张北6.2级地震前的重力异常

绘制了重力测值的时变曲线和空间等值线,从动态的角度分析了1998年1月张北6．2级地震前的流动重力异常的演化及特征。结果显示,地震前的重力场呈下降变化,震中位于异常中心附近的重力变化高梯度区。     

The distribution rule and seepage effect of the fractures in the ultra-low permeability sandstone reservoir in east Gansu Province,Ordos Basin

To study the impact of the fractures on development in the ultra-low permeability sandstone reservoir of the Yangchang Formation of the Upper Triassic in the Ordos Basin,data on outcrops,cores,slices,well logging and experiments are utilized to analyze the cause of the formation of the fractures,their distribution rules and the control factors and discuss the seepage flow effect of the fractures. In the studied area developed chiefly high-angle tectonic fractures and horizontal bedding fractures,inter-granular fractures and grain boundary fractures as well. Grain boundary fractures and intragranular fractures serve as vital channels linking intragranular pores and intergranular solution pores in the reservoir matrix,thus providing a good connectivity between the pores in the ultra-low perme-ability sandstone reservoir. The formation of fractures and their distribution are influenced by such external and internal factors as the palaeo-tectonic stress field,the reservoir lithological character,the thickness of the rock layer and the anisotropy of a layer. The present-day stress field influences the preservative state of fractures and their seepage flow effect. Under the tec-tonic effect of both the Yanshan and Himalayan periods,in this region four sets of fractures are distributed,respectively assuming the NE-SW,NW-SE,nearly E-W and nearly S-N orientations,but,due to the effect of the rock anisotropy of the rock formation,in some part of it two groups of nearly orthogonal fractures are chiefly distributed. Under the effect of the present-day stress field,the fractures that assume the NE-SW direction have a good connectivity,big apertures,a high permeability and a minimum starting pressure,all of which are main advantages of the seepage fractures in this region. With the development of oilfields,the permeability of the fractures of dif-ferent directions will have a dynamic change.     

汶川8.0级地震中几座近断层桥梁失效模式的初步探讨

“5．12”汶川地震造成了多座大型桥梁严重破坏甚至完全垮塌。本文以庙子坪特大桥、百花大桥、小渔洞大桥、石蓑衣大桥、回澜立交桥为例,介绍了结构形式不同的这几座桥梁的破坏模式,初步分析了震害机理。地震动强度过大、强震持续时间过长、近断层特性以及地质灾害等是造成这些桥梁破坏的客观原因;桥梁结构的某些初始缺陷和特殊结构形式导致的受力复杂性是造成地震破坏的主观因素。针对震害特点和破坏机理,本文还探讨了强震区防御桥梁地震破坏应关注的问题。     

基于不同窗口纹理特征的SVM土壤盐渍化信息提取方法与精度分析研究

以塔里木盆地北缘绿洲--渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲为例,借助ENVI遥感软件,利用ETM+数据,探讨了该绿洲土壤盐渍化信息提取的方法.传统的遥感图像分类方法多数在解决问题上存在精度不高、分类效率较低、不确定性强的缺陷,所以,选择好的分类方法对于提取盐渍化信息是至关重要的.近年来,将SVM应用于遥感图像分类已成为新的发展趋势.文章提出了基于纹理特征的支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)的分类方法,得出以下结论:分别结合3×3,5×5,7×7,9×9,11×11,13×13窗口纹理特征和光谱的SVM分类精度都很高,达到93%以上.并且在验证分类精度时,发现结合光谱和9×9窗口纹理信息的SVM分类的结果更符合实际情况.所以说加入纹理特征后使得光谱信息比较接近的3类地物(重度、中度、轻度盐渍地)的区分性增大,从而使精度提高.因此,基于纹理特征的SVM分类方法更有利于遥感图像分类和盐渍化信息监测,是地物遥感信息提取的有效途径.     

策勒绿洲外围不同地下水埋深下主要优势植物的分布和群落特征

对塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘策勒绿洲外围地下水埋深与主要优势植物分布和群落特点的研究结果表明,植物的分布和群落特征受地下水埋深变化的影响。但群落的组成成分和生物多样性受到地貌特征和地下水埋深的双重影响。群落的差异性和间断性大于群落的连续性和相似性。群落分布随地下水埋深的变化与其他荒漠地区在大的空间演替规律上相一致,但在群落类型、特别是低水位地段群落演替序列上有明显不同。随着地下水埋深的变化,植物群落依次为:低水位的骆驼刺群落,较低水位的柽柳群落,中低水位的柽柳、胡杨群落,较高水位的芦苇群落,高水位的苦豆子群落,其中地下水埋深6.0 m以上地段是植物群落类型、种类组成和生物多样性都较为丰富的地区。绿洲外围植物中柽柳具有最大的环境资源利用比率,对环境的适应性最强。     

Phytoplankton biomass size structure and its regulation in the Southern Yellow Sea (China): Seasonal variability

Phytoplankton size structure plays a significant role in controlling the carbon flux of marine pelagic ecosystems. The mesoscale distribution and seasonal variation of total and size-fractionated phytoplankton biomass in surface waters, as measured by chlorophyll a (Chl a), was studied in the Southern Yellow Sea using data from four cruises during 2006–2007. The distribution of Chl a showed a high degree of spatial and temporal variation in the study area. Chl a concentrations were relatively high in the summer and autumn, with a mean of 1.42 and 1.27 mg m⁻³, respectively. Conversely, in the winter and spring, the average Chl a levels were only 0.98 and 0.99 mg m⁻³. Total Chl a showed a clear decreasing gradient from coastal areas to the open sea in the summer, autumn and winter cruises. Patches of high Chl a were observed in the central part of the Southern Yellow Sea in the spring due to the onset of the phytoplankton bloom. The eutrophic coastal waters contributed at least 68% of the total phytoplankton biomass in the surface layer. Picophytoplankton showed a consistent and absolute dominance in the central region of the Southern Yellow Sea (>40%) in all of the cruises, while the proportion of microphytoplankton was the highest in coastal waters. The relative proportions of pico- and nanophytoplankton decreased with total biomass, whereas the proportion of the micro-fraction increased with total biomass. Relationships between phytoplankton biomass and environmental factors were also analysed. The results showed that the onset of the spring bloom was highly dependent on water column stability. Phytoplankton growth was limited by nutrient availability in the summer due to the strong thermocline. The combined effects of P-limitation and vertical mixing in the autumn restrained the further increase of phytoplankton biomass in the surface layer. The low phytoplankton biomass in winter was caused by vertical dispersion due to intense mixing. Compared with the availability of nutrients, temperature did not seem to cause direct effects on phytoplankton biomass and its size structure. Although interactions of many different environmental factors affected phytoplankton distributions, hydrodynamic conditions seemed to be the dominant factor. Phytoplankton size structure was determined mainly by the size-differential capacity in acquiring resource. Short time scale events, such as the spring bloom and the extension of Yangtze River plume, can have substantial influences, both on the total Chl a concentration and on the size structure of the phytoplankton.     

青藏高原北部中强以上地震震兆异常的分级特征研究

通过对青藏高原北部中强以上地震前普遍出现的地震活动异常进行了系统的分析和总结,发现各地震活动前兆异常参数与主震震级有分级特征,其结果对未来青藏高原北部中强以上地震的预测具有一定的实用和参考价值.