The Chandra X-ray Observatory: An Astronomical Facility Available to the World

The Chandra X-ray observatory, one of NASA’s “Great Observatories,” provides high angular and spectral resolution X-ray data which is freely available to all. In this review I describe the instruments on Chandra along with their current calibration, as well as the Chandra proposal system, the freely-available Chandra analysis software package CIAO, and the Chandra archive. As Chandra is in its 6th year of operation, the archive already contains calibrated observations of a large range of X-ray sources. The Chandra X-ray Center is committed to assisting astronomers from any country who wish to use data from the archive or propose for observations.     

翻译中的对立统一

对立统一的原则无所不在，翻译亦是如此。长期以来，对许多翻译理论探讨的课题各持一辞，争论恒久，问题就在于未能正确以辩证统一的观点来看待同一事物。针对若干常见翻译课题按照对立统一的观点加以分析，以期对翻译理论和实践研究具有指导意义。     

GIS原理教学中的问题与初步思考

地理信息系统(GIS)原理是GIS专业或其相关专业的专业基础或必修(限选)课，对GIS人才培养具有非常重要的作用，但由于种种原因，GIS原理在教学方面仍存在多方面的问题与不足。本文首先分析了大学本科GIS原理在教学内容、实验与实习及教学手段等方面存在的问题，然后针对这些问题根据自己的教学体会提出了一些相应的解决办法与建议。     

《大学物理》课程改革与实践

为适应21世纪高素质人才培养的要求，在教学实践中对《大学物理》课程的教学内容、教学方法和手段进行了改革，对《大学物理》课程的现代化教学作了有益的探索和尝试，编制了体现素质教育的大学物理多媒体课件。在我院1999至2001级理工科中开展的系列教学实践表明，合理利用《大学物理》多媒体课件能有效地保证教学质量、发掘课堂教学的潜力。     

映秀 北川断裂带中垂直断裂带走向的NW SE向构造和汶川地震

通过汶川科学钻探钻孔地质实体(岩芯)的构造研究、非弹性应变恢复法(ASR法)地应力测试,结合区域构造和汶川地震NW向余震带的综合分析,提出沿映秀-北川断裂走向的狭窄范围内存在一组NW-SE向构造,其总体产状为:走向N48°W,倾角中等,与映秀-北川断裂带的总体走向和ASR地应力测试获得的一组最大主应力方位(侧伏方向224°)和最大水平应力方位(44°)接近垂直。NW-SE向构造,除少数发育为宏观的断裂构造外,多数表现为密集的裂隙系(或隐断裂)和隐伏断裂,以逆冲性质为主,局部略具左行走滑特征。映秀-北川断裂两侧相向倾斜的NW-SE向裂隙系表明其两侧存在有方向相反的运动,映秀-北川断裂属两侧具有不同形成机制和相向位移的双侧走滑型断裂。映秀-北川断裂的同震垂向位移受NE-SW向构造和NW-SE向构造双重因素制约,在汶川地震的主震带与NW向余震带叠置部位具最大的垂向位移量。从时间尺度分析,在汶川地震的全过程中,仅开始时刻表现为自NW→SE方向的强烈逆冲作用,随后的主要时间段内均表现为沿断裂带方向的运动和自SW→NE方向的逆冲。NW-SE向构造的形成是龙门山深部应力和能量长期积聚的结果,强震发生时,初始时刻的自NW向SE方向的强烈挤压,瞬即转换成自SW向NE方向的运动和强烈挤压。NE-SW向挤压构造应力场,是由NW-SE向挤压作用长期积累和诱导,并叠置在区域NW-SE向主导的挤压构造应力场之上的局部构造应力场,但在发震后,它主导了地震能量自震源区沿断裂走向向NE方向的快速传递和扩展及NW向强余震的发生,地震能量在NE-SW向强烈挤压过程中得到最终释放。因此,映秀-北川断裂在地震的不同阶段,其性质存在差异,在地震宁静期或弱震期(应力积累和闭锁期)以自NW往SE方向的逆冲性质为主,兼有右行走滑特征,但在强震期(应力释放和解锁期),除发震时表现为强烈的继承性逆冲作用,随后即转化为以平行断裂带走向自SW向NE方向的快速运动和扩展及自SW往NE方向的逆冲作用为主。     

美国自由贸易区的实践特点透析及借鉴

自由贸易区是以高水平开放实现外部经济集聚优势的重要制度空间。作为我国全面深化改革和对外开放的战略举措,自由贸易试验区建设率先在上海、广东、天津和福建展开试点。本文以自由贸易区的概念内涵界定、核心区位因素分析为基础,重点从区位类型、产业选择和管理模式等方面,透析美国自由贸易区的发展实践及其有益借鉴。本文认为,美国自由贸易区发展特点包括:涵盖临空、临港和陆路枢纽等区位类型,呈现数量众多、分布广泛和产业多元的总体特征,实施主-辅区并行运营、双层管理机构及矩阵联络制的管理模式。文章最后提出了创新贸易经济的治理体系、推动内外贸易的融合联动、加快制造业的转型升级和提升法律监管的保障力度等有益借鉴。     

Japan׳s whaling following the International Court of Justice ruling: Brave New World – Or business as usual?

Since 1987, Japan has conducted extensive special permit whaling (“scientific whaling”) in the Antarctic and North Pacific. This has been viewed by many as a way to circumvent the International Whaling Commission׳s (IWC) moratorium on commercial whaling, which was implemented in 1985. Recently, Australia took Japan to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) over this issue. Using various criteria, the Court ruled that Japan׳s whaling was not “for purposes of scientific research” as required by Article VIII of the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling, and ordered Japan to immediately cease its JARPA II whaling program in the Antarctic. Despite optimism that the Court׳s ruling might spell the end of Japanese whaling in the Antarctic and even elsewhere, Japan has indicated that it will redesign its whaling programs and continue operations. Based upon Japan׳s history at the IWC, I argue here that this was an expected outcome; I predict the course of events over the next months, and suggest that the ICJ ruling, while satisfying as an independent vindication of Japan׳s critics, represents little more than a temporary setback for that nation׳s whaling enterprise.     

Good practice policies to bridge the emissions gap in key countries

One key aspect of the Paris Agreement is the goal to limit the global average temperature increase to well below 2 °C by the end of the century. To achieve the Paris Agreement goals, countries need to submit, and periodically update, their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). Recent studies show that NDCs and currently implemented national policies are not sufficient to cover the ambition level of the temperature limit agreed upon in the Paris Agreement, meaning that we need to collectively increase climate action to stabilize global warming at levels considered safe. This paper explores the generalization of previously adopted good practice policies (GPPs) to bridge the emissions gap between current policies, NDCs ambitions and a well below 2 °C world, facilitating the creation of a bridge trajectory in key major-emitting countries. These GPPs are implemented in eleven well-established national Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) for Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, European Union (EU), India, Indonesia, Japan, Russia, South Korea, and the United States, that provide least-cost, low-carbon scenarios up to 2050. Results show that GPPs can play an important role in each region, with energy supply policies appearing as one of the biggest contributors to the reduction of carbon emissions. However, GPPs by themselves are not enough to close the emission gap, and as such more will be needed in these economies to collectively increase climate action to stabilize global warming at levels considered safe.     

基于应用技术型大学战略转型的GIS实践教学体系构建

实践教学在GIS专业人才培养过程中发挥着重要作用,对于应用技术型大学的GIS专业人才培养,实践教学体系的构建更加重要。分析应用技术型大学GIS实践教学的作用,阐述实践教学体系内容设计原则、实践教学体系构成,并给出GIS专业实践教学体系设计实例,探讨实践教学应注意的具体问题。     

摄影测量学的教学改革探讨与实践

随着计算机技术、空间技术和信息技术的飞速发展,POS、无人机、LiDAR等在摄影测量领域的应用日趋广泛。如何使"摄影测量学"的教学体系和教学方法与摄影测量的时代特征相适应,满足社会对创新型和实践型摄影测量人才的需求,是一个值得摄影测量教育工作者关注的问题。为此,文章以社会调研和作者的教学经验为基础,分解"摄影测量学"的教学目标,并对教学内容、教学方法、实践教学等方面的改革进行系列探索与实践,取得了较好的教学成效。